ACI 523.4R 09 2009
$50.65
523.4R-09 Guide for Design and Construction with Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Panels
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ACI | 2009 | 85 |
This guide is intended for use by architects, engineers, contractors, building officials, and manufacturers. Its purpose is to present, in a single source, information that can help those individuals design, specify, and construct with factory-reinforced panels of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). In this guide, introductory information on AAC is first presented, followed by a description of its manufacture, guidance on structural design using reinforced panels, and guidance on construction with such panels. The body of this guide ends with an extensive background chapter on the material characteristics of AAC, and the structural behavior and design of AAC elements. Keywords: autoclaved aerated concrete; construction; design; panels; reinforced panels.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 3 | CONTENTS CONTENTS |
| 4 | FOREWORD FOREWORD CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION 1.1—Definition of autoclaved aerated concrete 1.1—Definition of autoclaved aerated concrete 1.2—Typical mechanical and thermal characteristics of AAC 1.2—Typical mechanical and thermal characteristics of AAC |
| 5 | 1.3—Historical background of AAC 1.3—Historical background of AAC 1.4—Applications of AAC panels 1.4—Applications of AAC panels 1.5—Scope and objectives 1.5—Scope and objectives CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.1—Notation |
| 6 | 2.2—Definitions 2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3— TYPICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF AAC CHAPTER 3— TYPICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF AAC 3.1— Materials used in AAC 3.1— Materials used in AAC 3.2—Manufacture of AAC 3.2—Manufacture of AAC 3.2.1 Preparation, batching, and mixing of raw materials 3.2.1 Preparation, batching, and mixing of raw materials 3.2.2 Casting, expansion, and initial hydration 3.2.2 Casting, expansion, and initial hydration 3.2.3 Cutting 3.2.3 Cutting 3.2.4 Autoclaving 3.2.4 Autoclaving 3.2.5 Packaging 3.2.5 Packaging |
| 7 | 3.2.6 AAC strength classes 3.2.6 AAC strength classes 3.3—Typical dimensions of AAC units 3.3—Typical dimensions of AAC units 3.3.1 Plain AAC wall units 3.3.1 Plain AAC wall units 3.3.2 Reinforced AAC panels 3.3.2 Reinforced AAC panels |
| 8 | 3.4—Dimensional tolerances 3.4—Dimensional tolerances 3.5—Identification and marking of AAC units 3.5—Identification and marking of AAC units CHAPTER 4— STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED AAC PANELS CHAPTER 4— STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED AAC PANELS 4.1— Introductory remarks regarding design provisions 4.1— Introductory remarks regarding design provisions |
| 9 | 4.2—Proposed design provisions for reinforced AAC panels 4.2—Proposed design provisions for reinforced AAC panels 4.2.1 Basic design assumptions 4.2.1 Basic design assumptions 4.2.2 Combinations of flexure and axial load 4.2.2 Combinations of flexure and axial load 4.2.3 Bond and development of reinforcement 4.2.3 Bond and development of reinforcement |
| 10 | 4.2.4 Shear 4.2.4 Shear 4.2.5 Bearing 4.2.5 Bearing CHAPTER 5— HANDLING, ERECTION, AND CONSTRUCTION WITH AAC PANELS CHAPTER 5— HANDLING, ERECTION, AND CONSTRUCTION WITH AAC PANELS 5.1— Handling AAC panels 5.1— Handling AAC panels 5.2—Erection of AAC wall panels 5.2—Erection of AAC wall panels 5.2.1 Erection of AAC cladding systems 5.2.1 Erection of AAC cladding systems 5.2.2 Erection of vertical AAC panels for bearing wall systems 5.2.2 Erection of vertical AAC panels for bearing wall systems 5.3—Erection of AAC floor and roof panels 5.3—Erection of AAC floor and roof panels |
| 11 | 5.4—Electrical and plumbing installations in AAC 5.4—Electrical and plumbing installations in AAC 5.5—Exterior finishes for AAC 5.5—Exterior finishes for AAC 5.5.1 Polymer-modified stuccos, paints, or finish systems 5.5.1 Polymer-modified stuccos, paints, or finish systems 5.5.2 Masonry veneer 5.5.2 Masonry veneer 5.5.3 Finishes for basement walls 5.5.3 Finishes for basement walls 5.6—Interior finishes for AAC panels 5.6—Interior finishes for AAC panels 5.6.1 Interior plasters 5.6.1 Interior plasters 5.6.2 Gypsum board 5.6.2 Gypsum board 5.6.3 High-durability finishes for commercial applications 5.6.3 High-durability finishes for commercial applications 5.6.4 Ceramic tile 5.6.4 Ceramic tile CHAPTER 6— TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS FOR AAC PANELS CHAPTER 6— TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS FOR AAC PANELS |
| 12 | 6.1—Cladding wall panel systems 6.1—Cladding wall panel systems 6.1.1 Exterior horizontal wall panels at steel column 6.1.1 Exterior horizontal wall panels at steel column 6.1.2 Exterior vertical wall panels at steel beam 6.1.2 Exterior vertical wall panels at steel beam 6.1.3 Typical vertical wall panel and sections 6.1.3 Typical vertical wall panel and sections 6.1.4 Typical horizontal panel layout 6.1.4 Typical horizontal panel layout 6.1.5 Typical vertical panel layout 6.1.5 Typical vertical panel layout 6.1.6 Large door frame detail 6.1.6 Large door frame detail 6.2—Load-bearing vertical wall panel systems 6.2—Load-bearing vertical wall panel systems 6.2.1 Typical vertical joint profile 6.2.1 Typical vertical joint profile 6.2.2 Typical vertical joint profile at AAC lintel 6.2.2 Typical vertical joint profile at AAC lintel 6.2.3 Wall section for multiple stories 6.2.3 Wall section for multiple stories 6.2.4 Exterior wall section for multiple stories with vertical reinforcement 6.2.4 Exterior wall section for multiple stories with vertical reinforcement |
| 17 | 6.2.5 Interior bearing wall section at footing 6.2.5 Interior bearing wall section at footing 6.2.6 Exterior wall panel at CMU stem wall and footing 6.2.6 Exterior wall panel at CMU stem wall and footing 6.2.7 Intersection of AAC panels and blocks 6.2.7 Intersection of AAC panels and blocks |
| 18 | 6.2.8 Intersection of partition panels 6.2.8 Intersection of partition panels 6.3—Floor and roof details 6.3—Floor and roof details 6.3.1 Minimum bearing details 6.3.1 Minimum bearing details 6.3.2 Exterior floor panel support wall detail 6.3.2 Exterior floor panel support wall detail 6.3.3 Interior floor panel support detail 6.3.3 Interior floor panel support detail 6.3.4 Grout key and bond beam reinforcement 6.3.4 Grout key and bond beam reinforcement 6.3.5 Floor panel at concrete basement wall 6.3.5 Floor panel at concrete basement wall 6.3.6 Floor panel at CMU basement wall 6.3.6 Floor panel at CMU basement wall |
| 21 | 6.3.7 Permitted sizes and location of on-site coring 6.3.7 Permitted sizes and location of on-site coring CHAPTER 7— TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS CHAPTER 7— TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS 7.1—Key mechanical characteristics of AAC 7.1—Key mechanical characteristics of AAC 7.1.1 Compressive strength of AAC 7.1.1 Compressive strength of AAC |
| 24 | 7.1.2 Stress-strain behavior and modulus of elasticity of AAC 7.1.2 Stress-strain behavior and modulus of elasticity of AAC |
| 25 | 7.1.2.1 Discussion of results for modulus of elasticity of AAC 7.1.2.1 Discussion of results for modulus of elasticity of AAC |
| 27 | 7.1.3 Tensile strength of AAC 7.1.3 Tensile strength of AAC 7.1.3.1 Splitting tensile strength of AAC 7.1.3.1 Splitting tensile strength of AAC |
| 28 | 7.1.3.2 Relationship between modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength 7.1.3.2 Relationship between modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength |
| 29 | 7.1.3.3 Modulus of rupture of AAC using combined data 7.1.3.3 Modulus of rupture of AAC using combined data |
| 30 | 7.1.3.4 Relationship between modulus of rupture fr andcompressive strength fAAC 7.1.3.4 Relationship between modulus of rupture fr andcompressive strength fAAC 7.1.4 Tensile bond between AAC and bedding mortar 7.1.4 Tensile bond between AAC and bedding mortar |
| 31 | 7.1.5 Tensile bond between AAC and thin-bed mortar 7.1.5 Tensile bond between AAC and thin-bed mortar |
| 32 | 7.1.6 Direct shear bond between AAC and thin-bed mortar 7.1.6 Direct shear bond between AAC and thin-bed mortar |
| 33 | 7.1.7 Shear bond between AAC and grout 7.1.7 Shear bond between AAC and grout |
| 34 | 7.1.8 Direct shear strength of AAC 7.1.8 Direct shear strength of AAC 7.1.9 Coefficient of friction of AAC 7.1.9 Coefficient of friction of AAC |
| 35 | 7.1.10 Freezing-and-thawing resistance of AAC 7.1.10 Freezing-and-thawing resistance of AAC 7.1.11 Behavior of AAC panels under eccentric axial compression 7.1.11 Behavior of AAC panels under eccentric axial compression 7.2—Bond strength between factory-installed wire reinforcement and AAC 7.2—Bond strength between factory-installed wire reinforcement and AAC 7.2.1 Anchorage behavior of reinforced AAC panels 7.2.1 Anchorage behavior of reinforced AAC panels |
| 36 | 7.2.2 Anchorage behavior of tensile reinforcement for shear walls 7.2.2 Anchorage behavior of tensile reinforcement for shear walls |
| 37 | 7.2.3 Design proposal for anchorage capacity 7.2.3 Design proposal for anchorage capacity 7.3—Flexural design of AAC beam elements 7.3—Flexural design of AAC beam elements 7.3.1 Nominal flexural capacity Mn 7.3.1 Nominal flexural capacity Mn 7.3.2 Minimum flexural reinforcement ratio 7.3.2 Minimum flexural reinforcement ratio |
| 38 | 7.3.3 Flexural design of tension- and compression-controlled AAC elements under ACI 318-05 7.3.3 Flexural design of tension- and compression-controlled AAC elements under ACI 318-05 7.4—Control of deflections 7.4—Control of deflections 7.5—Shear design of AAC beam elements 7.5—Shear design of AAC beam elements 7.5.1 Shear capacity of AAC (VAAC) 7.5.1 Shear capacity of AAC (VAAC) |
| 39 | 7.5.2 Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement Vs 7.5.2 Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement Vs 7.5.3 Design shear capacity φVn 7.5.3 Design shear capacity φVn 7.5.4 Predicted shear capacities of reinforced AAC floor panels 7.5.4 Predicted shear capacities of reinforced AAC floor panels 7.6—Shear design of AAC shear walls 7.6—Shear design of AAC shear walls |
| 41 | 7.6.1 Web-shear cracking 7.6.1 Web-shear cracking |
| 43 | 7.6.2 Flexure-shear cracking for AAC shear walls 7.6.2 Flexure-shear cracking for AAC shear walls |
| 45 | 7.6.3 Crushing of diagonal strut 7.6.3 Crushing of diagonal strut |
| 47 | 7.6.4 Sliding shear capacity 7.6.4 Sliding shear capacity |
| 49 | 7.6.5 Nominal flexural capacity 7.6.5 Nominal flexural capacity |
| 50 | 7.6.6 Special provisions for vertical panel construction 7.6.6 Special provisions for vertical panel construction 7.6.7 Prediction of flexural and shear capacities for AAC shear walls with vertically oriented panels 7.6.7 Prediction of flexural and shear capacities for AAC shear walls with vertically oriented panels |
| 51 | 7.6.8 Verification of shear capacity for vertical-panel shear walls 7.6.8 Verification of shear capacity for vertical-panel shear walls |
| 52 | 7.7—Special provisions to avoid longitudinal cracking at location of vertical reinforcement 7.7—Special provisions to avoid longitudinal cracking at location of vertical reinforcement 7.7.1 Formation of cracks along longitudinal bars in AAC shear walls 7.7.1 Formation of cracks along longitudinal bars in AAC shear walls |
| 53 | 7.7.2 Analysis to determine if longitudinal cracks formed before yielding 7.7.2 Analysis to determine if longitudinal cracks formed before yielding |
| 54 | 7.7.3 Implications of formation of longitudinal cracks 7.7.3 Implications of formation of longitudinal cracks |
| 55 | 7.7.4 Analysis of maximum permissible area ratio if longitudinal reinforcement remains elastic 7.7.4 Analysis of maximum permissible area ratio if longitudinal reinforcement remains elastic |
| 56 | 7.7.5 Analysis of maximum permissible area ratio in plastic hinge zone 7.7.5 Analysis of maximum permissible area ratio in plastic hinge zone 7.8—Design of AAC diaphragms 7.8—Design of AAC diaphragms 7.8.1 Shear transfer in diaphragm panels oriented perpendicular to direction of load 7.8.1 Shear transfer in diaphragm panels oriented perpendicular to direction of load |
| 57 | 7.8.2 Shear transfer in diaphragm panels oriented parallel to direction of load 7.8.2 Shear transfer in diaphragm panels oriented parallel to direction of load 7.8.2.1 Shear transfer through adhesion between joints 7.8.2.1 Shear transfer through adhesion between joints |
| 58 | 7.8.2.2 Shear transfer through a truss mechanism 7.8.2.2 Shear transfer through a truss mechanism |
| 60 | 7.9—Strength-reduction factors 7.9—Strength-reduction factors |
| 61 | CHAPTER 8— REFERENCES CHAPTER 8— REFERENCES 8.1—Referenced standards and reports 8.1—Referenced standards and reports 8.2—Cited references 8.2—Cited references |
| 63 | APPENDIX A— PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS APPENDIX A— PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS CHAPTER 2— NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 2— NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS 3.8—AAC panels and related materials 3.8—AAC panels and related materials 3.8.1 3.8.1 3.8.2 3.8.2 3.8.3 3.8.3 3.8.4 3.8.4 CHAPTER 4— DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 4— DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS 4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures 4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures 4.2.1 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2 |
| 64 | 4.3.1 4.3.1 4.4.1 4.4.1 CHAPTER 5— CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING CHAPTER 5— CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING 5.1.1 5.1.1 5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit 5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit 5.7.1 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.4 5.12—Cold weather requirements 5.12—Cold weather requirements 5.12.1 5.12.1 5.12.2 5.12.2 CHAPTER 6— FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS CHAPTER 6— FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS 6.3 6.3 CHAPTER 7— DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT CHAPTER 7— DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 7.1—Scope 7.1—Scope CHAPTER 8— ANALYSIS AND DESIGN— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER 8— ANALYSIS AND DESIGN— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 8.5.1 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.2 8.13.1 8.13.1 |
| 65 | 8.13.2 8.13.2 8.13.3 8.13.3 8.13.4 8.13.4 CHAPTER 9— STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 9— STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS 9.3.2.8 9.3.2.8 9.5—Control of deflections 9.5—Control of deflections 9.5.2.3 9.5.2.3 9.5.2.5 9.5.2.5 CHAPTER 10— FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS CHAPTER 10— FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS 10.2.7.3 10.2.7.3 CHAPTER 11— SHEAR AND TORSION CHAPTER 11— SHEAR AND TORSION |
| 66 | 11.10.7 11.10.7 11.10.8 11.10.8 11.10.9—Design of shear reinforcement for walls 11.10.9—Design of shear reinforcement for walls 11.10.9.1 11.10.9.1 CHAPTER 12— DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT— GENERAL CHAPTER 12— DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT— GENERAL 12.1—Scope 12.1—Scope 12.1.1 12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.1.3 12.1.4 12.1.4 12.20—Design of factory-installed reinforcement embedded in AAC 12.20—Design of factory-installed reinforcement embedded in AAC 12.20.1 12.20.1 12.20.2 12.20.2 12.20.3 12.20.3 12.20.4 12.20.4 |
| 67 | 12.20.5 12.20.5 CHAPTER 14— WALLS CHAPTER 14— WALLS 14.3—Minimum reinforcement 14.3—Minimum reinforcement 14.4—Walls designed as compression members 14.4—Walls designed as compression members 14.4.1 14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.2 14.4.2.1 14.4.2.1 14.4.2.2 14.4.2.2 CHAPTER 16— PRECAST CONCRETE CHAPTER 16— PRECAST CONCRETE 16.2.4 16.2.4 16.4—Member design 16.4—Member design 16.5—Structural integrity 16.5—Structural integrity 16.5.1.2 16.5.1.2 16.5.1.2.1 16.5.1.2.1 16.5.1.2.2 16.5.1.2.2 16.5.1.2.3 16.5.1.2.3 16.5.1.2.3.1 16.5.1.2.3.1 16.5.1.2.3.2 16.5.1.2.3.2 16.5.1.2.3.3 16.5.1.2.3.3 16.5.1.2.3.4 16.5.1.2.3.4 16.5.1.2.4 16.5.1.2.4 16.5.1.3 16.5.1.3 |
| 68 | 16.5.1.4 16.5.1.4 16.5.2 16.5.2 16.5.2.1 16.5.2.1 16.5.2.2 16.5.2.2 16.5.2.3 16.5.2.3 16.5.2.4 16.5.2.4 16.5.2.5 16.5.2.5 16.6.2.2 16.6.2.2 16.6.2.3 16.6.2.3 16.8—Marking and identification 16.8—Marking and identification 16.8.1 16.8.1 16.8.2 16.8.2 CHAPTER 21— SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN CHAPTER 21— SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN 21.2.1.3 21.2.1.3 21.2.1.4 21.2.1.4 21.14.1 21.14.1 21.14.2 21.14.2 21.14.3 21.14.3 21.15.1 21.15.1 21.15.2 21.15.2 21.15.3 21.15.3 |
| 69 | APPENDIX B— COMMENTARY ON PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS APPENDIX B— COMMENTARY ON PROPOSED DESIGN PROVISIONS CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS CHAPTER 4— DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 4— DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS R4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures R4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures R4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcement R4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcement CHAPTER 5— CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING CHAPTER 5— CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING R5 R5 R5.7.3(a) R5.7.3(a) CHAPTER 6— FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS CHAPTER 6— FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS R6 R6 CHAPTER 7— DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT CHAPTER 7— DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT R7 R7 CHAPTER 8— ANALYSIS AND DESIGN— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER 8— ANALYSIS AND DESIGN— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS R8.5.1 R8.5.1 R8.5.2 R8.5.2 R8.13.1 R8.13.1 R8.13.2 R8.13.2 R8.13.3 R8.13.3 R8.13.4 R8.13.4 |
| 70 | CHAPTER 9— STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 9— STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS R9.3.2.8 R9.3.2.8 R9.5.2.1 R9.5.2.1 R9.5.2.2 R9.5.2.2 R9.5.2.5 R9.5.2.5 CHAPTER 10— FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS CHAPTER 10— FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS R10.2 R10.2 R10.2.7.3 R10.2.7.3 R10.5.1 R10.5.1 CHAPTER 11— SHEAR AND TORSION CHAPTER 11— SHEAR AND TORSION R11.3 R11.3 R11.5.6 R11.5.6 R11.5.6.2 R11.5.6.2 |
| 71 | R11.5.6.9 R11.5.6.9 11.7—Shear friction 11.7—Shear friction R11.7.4.1 R11.7.4.1 R11.7.4.3 R11.7.4.3 R11.8.1 R11.8.1 R11.10 R11.10 R11.10.1 R11.10.1 R11.10.6 R11.10.6 R11.10.7 R11.10.7 |
| 72 | R11.10.8 R11.10.8 R11.10.9 R11.10.9 R11.10.9.2 through R11.10.9.5 R11.10.9.2 through R11.10.9.5 CHAPTER 12— DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT CHAPTER 12— DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT R12.1 R12.1 R12.1.3 R12.1.3 R12.1.4 R12.1.4 R12.20.1 R12.20.1 R12.20.2 R12.20.2 |
| 73 | R13.1 R13.1 CHAPTER 14— WALLS CHAPTER 14— WALLS R14.3 R14.3 R14.3.7 R14.3.7 R14.4.2 R14.4.2 CHAPTER 16— PRECAST CONCRETE CHAPTER 16— PRECAST CONCRETE R16.2.3 R16.2.3 R16.5.1.2 R16.5.1.2 R16.5.1.2.2 R16.5.1.2.2 R16.5.1.2.3 R16.5.1.2.3 R16.5.1.2.3.1 R16.5.1.2.3.1 |
| 74 | R16.5.1.2.3.2 R16.5.1.2.3.2 R16.5.1.2.3.3 R16.5.1.2.3.3 R16.5.1.2.3.4 R16.5.1.2.3.4 R16.5.1.2.4 R16.5.1.2.4 R16.5.1.3 R16.5.1.3 R16.5.1.4 R16.5.1.4 R16.5.2.1 R16.5.2.1 R16.6.2 R16.6.2 CHAPTER 21— SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN CHAPTER 21— SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN R21.14.2 R21.14.2 R21.14.3 R21.14.3 R21.15.3 R21.15.3 APPENDIX C— DESIGN EXAMPLES APPENDIX C— DESIGN EXAMPLES Example 1: Design of an AAC floor panel Example 1: Design of an AAC floor panel |
| 78 | Example 2: Design of an AAC shear wall Example 2: Design of an AAC shear wall |
| 79 | Example 3: Design of an AAC diaphragm Example 3: Design of an AAC diaphragm |
| 80 | Example 4: Design of load-bearing vertical wall panel ( Fig. C.13) Example 4: Design of load-bearing vertical wall panel ( Fig. C.13) |
