This document describes the concepts, issues, objectives, and requirements for the design of an active air-flow control (AFC) system for commercial aircraft based on a dense deployment of wired\/wireless sensor and actuator networks. The objective of this AFC system is to track gradients of pressure across the surface of the fuselage of aircraft. This collected information will be used to activate a set of actuators that will attempt to reduce the skin drag effect produced by the separation between laminar and turbulent flows. This will be translated into increased lift-off forces, higher vehicle speeds, longer ranges, and reduced fuel consumption. The document focuses on the architecture design, module definition, statement of objectives, scalability analysis, system-level simulation, as well as networking and implementation issues using standardized interfaces and service-oriented middleware architectures. This document aims to serve as guideline on how to design wireless sensor and actuator networks compliant with ISO\/IEC 29182.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | National foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4.2 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 5 Motivations for active air-flow control (AFC) 5.1 Skin drag Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Drag breakdown in commercial aircraft <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 5.2 Approaches for aircraft skin drag reduction Figure 2 \u2013 Boundary layer (BL) transition exemplified with a wing profile <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 6 Objectives 6.1 General 6.2 Fuel efficiency 6.3 Hybrid dense wired-wireless sensor and actuator networks 6.4 Standardized and service oriented wireless sensor architecture 6.5 Re-\/auto-\/self-configuration 6.6 Communication protocols and scalability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 6.7 Smart actuation profiles and policies 6.8 High rate sensor measurement, synchronous operation and data compression 6.9 Troubleshooting and fail safe operation 6.10 Enabling of wireless communication technologies in aeronautics industry 6.11 Integration of wireless technologies with the internal aeronautical communication systems 6.12 Design of bidirectional wireless transmission protocols for relaying of aeronautical bus communication traffic 6.13 Matching of criticality levels of aeronautics industry 6.14 Internetworking and protocol translation between wireless and wireline aeronautical networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 7 System description 7.1 Overview of system operation Figure 3 \u2013 Operation mode of the AFC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 7.2 Patch design Figure 4 \u2013 Architecture of the AFC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 7.3 Internal aeronautics network Figure 5 \u2013 Array(s) of patches of sensors\/actuators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 8 Micro-sensors and actuators 8.1 Micro-sensors Figure 6 \u2013 Interaction with internal avionics networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 8.2 Actuators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Figure 7 \u2013 Flow control actuators classified by function [22] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 9 High-level architecture for aeronautical WSANs 9.1 Bubble concept 9.2 Layered model Figure 8 \u2013 Flow control actuators: a) SJA; b) flaperon <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2013 HLA mapping AFC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 9.3 Mapping to ISO\/IEC 29182 Sensor Networks Reference Architecture (SNRA) Tables Table 1 \u2013 Mapping of AFC system to the HLA layered model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2013 Mapping AFC system to the ISO\/IEC 29182 view <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 11 \u2013 Mapping AFC system to the ISO\/IEC 29182\u00a0layered reference architecture view Figure 12 \u2013 Mapping AFC system to the ISO\/IEC 29182\u00a0sensor node reference architecture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Mapping AFC system to the ISO\/IEC 29182\u00a0physical reference architecture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2013 Mapping of AFC architecture to ISO\/IEC\u00a029182 entity and functional models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 10 Requirements for AFC design 10.1 Sensing and actuation 10.1.1 BL position detection and space-time resolution 10.1.2 Efficient flow control actuation Table 3 \u2013 Mapping of AFC system to ISO\/IEC\u00a029182 interface model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 10.1.3 Patch intra- and inter-communication 10.1.4 Patch sensor data pre-processing, fusion, management and storage 10.1.5 Patch configuration, redundancy, and organization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 10.1.6 Sensors synchronicity 10.1.7 Low power sensor-actuator (patch) consumption 10.1.8 Patch data rate and traffic constraints 10.1.9 Patch low complexity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 10.2 Sensor network communications 10.2.1 Interference 10.2.2 Wireless range and connectivity 10.3 Aeronautical network and on-board systems 10.3.1 Full-duplex communications 10.3.2 Compatibility with avionics internal network (ARINC 664) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 10.3.3 AFC interface 10.3.4 GS interface 11 Testing platform and prototype development <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 12 Scalability Figure 14 \u2013 Prototype implementation AFC system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure 15 \u2013 Data rate vs patch size. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Annex\u00a0A (informative)System level simulation A.1 Architecture of the simulator and module description A.1.1 Fluid modelling domain A.1.2 Sensor and actuators configuration: patches A.1.3 Wing design, aircraft configuration, and propagation modelling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | A.1.4 Radio resource management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | A.2 Simulation metrics A.2.1 General A.2.2 AFC metrics Figure A.1 \u2013 Simulator architecture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | A.2.3 WSN metrics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Annex\u00a0B (informative)Turbulent flow modelling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Figure B.1 \u2013 Characteristics of turbulent flow with different Reynolds numbers (reproduced from [31]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Information technology. Sensor networks. Guidelines for design in the aeronautics industry: active air-flow control<\/b><\/p>\n |