This part of IEC 61400, which is a Technical Report, summarizes the current state of the art in numerical flow modelling, existing guidelines and past benchmarking experience in numerical model validation and verification. Based on the work undertaken, the document identifies the important technical aspects for using flow simulation over terrain for wind application as well as the existing open issues including recommendations for further validation through benchmarking tests.<\/p>\n
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| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 3.3 Symbols and units Table 1 \u2013 Symbols used in this document <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4 Overview of numerical flow simulation approaches 4.1 Linear flow models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4.2 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4.3 Large eddy simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS\/LES models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 5 Existing guidelines for numerical flow modelling applications 5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5.2 AIAA (1998) Guide for the Verification and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations 5.3 Standard for Verification and Validation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer \u2013 ASME V&V 20-2009 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.4 COST Action 732 “Quality Assurance of Microscale Meteorological Models” <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.5 Architectural Institute of Japan guidelines 5.5.1 General 5.5.2 The guidebook for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings [18] 5.5.3 Guidebook of recommendations for loads on buildings 2 [19] 5.6 VDI 3783 Part 9 Environmental meteorology \u2013 prognostic microscale wind field mode- evaluation of flow around buildings and obstacles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 5.7 International Energy Agency Task 31 Wakebench \u2013 Model Evaluation Protocol for Wind Farm Flow Models 5.8 MEASNET \u2013 Evaluation of site-specific wind conditions 6 Summary of benchmarking validation tests 6.1 General 6.2 DEWI Round Robin on Numerical Flow Simulation in Wind Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 6.3 Bolund experiment 6.4 European Wind Energy Association Comparative Resource and Energy Yield Assessment Procedures I and II (2011, 2013) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 6.5 IEA Task 31 Wakebench experiments 6.6 New European Wind Atlas experiments [32] 6.6.1 Perdig\u00e3o (double ridge) 6.6.2 Alaiz (complex terrain with a strong mesoscale component) 6.6.3 \u00d8sterild (flow over heterogeneous roughness) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 6.6.4 Kassel (flow over forested hill) 6.7 Wind Forecast Improvement Project 2 [34] 6.8 Wind tunnel test validation data 6.8.1 Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models [23] 6.8.3 Wind tunnel test for flow over hill <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 7 Important technical aspects for performing flow simulations over terrain for wind energy applications 7.1 General 7.2 Quality of topographical input data 7.3 Computational domain 7.4 Boundary conditions for computational domain 7.5 Mesh parameters 7.6 Convergence criteria 7.7 Atmospheric stability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 7.8 Coriolis effects 7.9 Obstacles effects 7.10 Suggestion on model range applicability for NSC 8 Open issues 8.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 8.2 Determination of flow correction factors from numerical simulation results for power curve testing 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Correlation check for linear regression 8.2.3 Change in correction between adjacent wind direction bins 8.2.4 Site calibration and power performance measurements in different seasons 8.3 Uncertainty quantification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 8.4 Proposal for validation campaign for nsc procedures 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Assessment of terrain at the test site 8.4.3 Experimental layout <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Wind energy generation systems – Numerical site calibration for power performance testing of wind turbines<\/b><\/p>\n |