{"id":183235,"date":"2024-10-19T11:28:17","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T11:28:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-refrigeration-handbook-ip-2018\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T03:49:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T03:49:08","slug":"ashrae-refrigeration-handbook-ip-2018","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-refrigeration-handbook-ip-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook IP 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"

The 2018 ASHRAE Handbook–Refrigeration covers the refrigeration equipment and systems for applications other than human comfort. This volume includes data and guidance on cooling, freezing, and storing food; industrial and medical applications of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration.<\/p>\n

PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nFront Matter
\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nDedicated To The Advancement Of
The Profession And Its Allied Industries
DISCLAIMER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nCh. 1: Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems
\n
1. Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n2. System Safety
3. Basic Piping Principles
Refrigerant Line Velocities
Refrigerant Flow Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n4. Refrigerant Line Sizing
Pressure Drop Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nLocation and Arrangement of Piping
Protection Against Damage to Piping
Piping Insulation
Vibration and Noise in Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nRefrigerant Line Capacity Tables
Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Fittings
Oil Management in Refrigerant Lines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n5. Piping at Multiple Compressors
Suction Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nDischarge Piping
Interconnecting Crankcases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n6. Piping at Various System Components
Flooded Fluid Coolers
Refrigerant Feed Devices
Direct-Expansion Fluid Chillers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nDirect-Expansion Air Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nFlooded Evaporators
7. Discharge (Hot-Gas) Lines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n8. Defrost Gas Supply Lines
9. Heat Exchangers and Vessels
Receivers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nAir-Cooled Condensers
10. Refrigeration Accessories
Liquid-Suction Heat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nTwo-Stage Subcoolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nDischarge Line Oil Separators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nSurge Drums or Accumulators
Compressor Floodback Protection
Refrigerant Driers and Moisture Indicators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nStrainers
Liquid Indicators
Oil Receivers
Purge Units
11. Head Pressure Control for Refrigerant Condensers
Water-Cooled Condensers
Condenser-Water-Regulating Valves
Water Bypass
Evaporative Condensers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nAir-Cooled Condensers
Microchannel Condensers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n12. Keeping Liquid from Crankcase During Off Cycles
Automatic Pumpdown Control (Direct-Expansion Air-Cooling Systems)
Crankcase Oil Heater (Direct-Expansion Systems)
Control for Direct-Expansion Water Chillers
Effect of Short Operating Cycle
13. Hot-Gas Bypass Arrangements
Full (100%) Unloading for Starting
Full (100%) Unloading for Capacity Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n14. Minimizing Refrigerant Charge in Commercial Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n15. Refrigerant Retrofitting
16. Temperature Glide <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nCh. 2: Ammonia Refrgieration Systems
\n
History of Ammonia Refrigeration
Ammonia Refrigerant for HVAC Systems
1. Equipment
1.1 Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nReciprocating Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nRotary Vane, Low-Stage Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nScrew Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n1.2 Condensers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nCondenser and Receiver Piping
Evaporative Condensers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n1.3 Evaporators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n1.4 Evaporator Piping
Unit Cooler: Flooded Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nHigh-Side Float Control
Low-Side Float Control
1.5 Vessels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n1.6 Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nRecommended Material
Fittings
Pipe Joints
Pipe Location
Pipe Sizing
1.7 Controls
Liquid Feed Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nControlling Load During Pulldown
Operation at Varying Loads and Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nElectronic Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nLubricant Management
Valves
Isolated Line Sections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nInsulation and Vapor Retarders
2. Systems
2.1 Single-Stage Systems
2.2 Economized Systems
2.3 Multistage Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nTwo-Stage Screw Compressor System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nConverting Single-Stage into Two-Stage Systems
2.4 Liquid Recirculation Systems
Hot-Gas Defrost <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nDouble-Riser Designs for Large Evaporator Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n2.5 Safety Considerations
Avoiding Hydraulic Shock <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nHazards Related to System Cleanliness
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nCh. 3: Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems
\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n1. Applications
Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nCO2 Cascade System
2. System Design
Transcritical CO2 Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nCO2\/HFC Cascade Systems
Ammonia\/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System
System Design Pressures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nValves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nCO2 Monitoring
Water in CO2 Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n3. System Safety
4. Piping
Carbon Dioxide Piping Materials
Carbon Steel Piping for CO2
Pipe Sizing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\n5. Heat Exchangers and Vessels
Gravity Liquid Separator
Recirculator
Cascade Heat Exchanger
6. Compressors for CO2 Refrigeration Systems
Transcritical Compressors for Commercial Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nCompressors for Industrial Applications
7. Lubricants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n8. Evaporators
9. Defrost
Electric Defrost
Hot-Gas Defrost
Reverse-Cycle Defrost <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nHigh Pressure Liquid Defrost
Water Defrost
10. Installation, Start-up, and Commissioning
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nBibliography
Acknowledgment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nCh. 4: Liquid Overfeed Systems
\n
Terminology
Advantages and Disadvantages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\n1. Overfeed System Operation
Mechanical Pump
Gas Pump <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\n2. Refrigerant Distribution
3. Oil in System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n4. Circulating Rate
5. Pump Selection and Installation
Types of Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nInstalling and Connecting Mechanical Pumps
6. Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n7. Evaporator Design
Considerations
Top Feed Versus Bottom Feed
8. Refrigerant Charge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n9. Start-Up and Operation
Operating Costs and Efficiency
10. Line Sizing
11. Low-Pressure Receiver Sizing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nCh. 5: Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems
\n
1. Refrigeration System
2. Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\n3. Selecting Design Balance Points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n4. Energy and Mass Balances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\n5. System Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nCh. 6: Refrigeration System Chemistry
\n
1. Refrigerants
Refrigerant Standards
2. Lubricants
Mineral Oils
Desiccants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nAlkylbenzenes (ABs)
Polyol Esters (POEs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nPolyalkylene Glycols (PAGs)
Polyalphaolefins
Polyvinyl Ethers (PVEs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n3. System Reactions
Thermal Stability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nHydrolysis of Halogenated Refrigerants and Polyol Ester Lubricants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nOxidation of Oils
Effects of Lubricant Additives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nCopper Plating
Corrosion
Effects of Unsaturated Contaminants on HFC or HFO Refrigerants and Lubricants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n4. Compatibility of Materials
Process Chemicals
Brazing Fluxes
Electrical and Ground Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nMagnet Wire Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nVarnishes
Elastomers
Plastics
Material Compatibility Involving HFO Refrigerants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\n5. Chemical Evaluation Techniques
Sealed-Tube or Pressure Vessel Material Tests
Component Tests
System Tests
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nCh. 7: Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems
\n
1. Moisture
Sources of Moisture
Effects of Moisture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nDrying Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nMoisture Indicators
Moisture Measurement
Desiccants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nDesiccant Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nDriers
Drier Selection
2. Other Contaminants
Metallic Contaminants and Dirt <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nOrganic Contaminants: Sludge, Wax, and Tars
Residual Cleaning Agents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nNoncondensable Gases
Motor Burnouts
Field Assembly
3. System Cleanup Procedure After Hermetic Motor Burnout
Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nSpecial System Characteristics and Procedures
4. Contaminant Control During Retrofit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\n5. Chiller Decontamination
6. System Sampling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nTesting and Rating
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nCh. 8: Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing
\n
1. Dehydration (Moisture Removal)
Sources of Moisture
Dehydration by Heat, Vacuum, or Dry Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nCombination Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\n2. Moisture Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\n3. Charging
4. Testing for Leaks
Leak Detection Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nSpecial Considerations
5. Performance Testing
Compressor Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nTesting Complete Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nTesting of Components
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nCh. 9: Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation
\n
1. Emissions Types
2. Design
3. Installation
4. Servicing and Decommissioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\n5. Training
6. Leak Detection
Global Detection
Local Detection
Automated Performance Monitoring Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\n7. Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation
Installation and Service Practices
Contaminants
Recovery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nRecycling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\nEquipment Standards
Special Considerations and Equipment for Handling Multiple Refrigerants
Reclamation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nPurity Standards
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nCh. 10: Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping
\n
1. Design Considerations for Below- Ambient Refrigerant Piping
2. Insulation Properties at Below-Ambient Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\n3. Insulation System Moisture Resistance
4. Insulation Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nPipe Preparation for Corrosion Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nInsulation Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nInsulation Joint Sealant\/Adhesive
Vapor Retarders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nWeather Barrier Jacketing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\n5. Installation Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\n6. Maintenance of Insulation Systems
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nCh. 11: Refrigerant Control Devices
\n
1. Control Switches
1.1 Pressure Switches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\n1.2 Temperature Switches (Thermostats)
1.3 Differential Switches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\n1.4 Float Switches
Operation and Selection
Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\n2. Control Sensors
2.1 Pressure Transducers
2.2 Thermistors
2.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors
2.4 Thermocouples
2.5 Liquid Level Sensors
Operation and Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\n3. Control Valves
3.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves
Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nCapacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nThermostatic Charges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nType of Equalization
Alternative Construction Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nApplication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\n3.2 Electric Expansion Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\n4. Regulating and Throttling Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\n4.1 Evaporator-Pressure-Regulating Valves
Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nSelection
Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\n4.2 Constant-Pressure Expansion Valves
Operation
Selection
Application
4.3 Suction-Pressure-Regulating Valves
Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nSelection
Application
4.4 Condenser-Pressure- Regulating Valves
Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nApplication
4.5 Discharge Bypass Valves
Operation
Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nApplication
4.6 High-Side Float Valves
Operation
Selection
Application
4.7 Low-Side Float Valves
Operation
Selection
Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\n4.8 Solenoid Valves
Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nApplication
4.9 Condensing Water Regulators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nTwo-Way Regulators
Three-Way Regulators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\n4.10 Check Valves
Seat Materials
Applications
4.11 Relief Devices
Safety Relief Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nFunctional Relief Valves
Other Safety Relief Devices
5. Discharge-Line Lubricant Separators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nSelection
Application
6. Capillary Tubes
Theory <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nSystem Design Factors
Capacity Balance Characteristic <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nOptimum Selection and Refrigerant Charge
Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\n6.1 Adiabatic Capillary Tube Selection Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nSample Calculations
6.2 Capillary-Tube\/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger Selection Procedure
Capillary Tube Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nGeneralized Prediction Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nSample Calculations
7. Short-Tube Restrictors
Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nSelection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nCh. 12: Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems
\n
1. Tests for Boundary and Mixed Lubrication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\n2. Refrigeration Lubricant Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\n3. Synthetic Lubricants
Alkylbenzenes (ABs)
Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nPolyalphaolefins (PAOs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nPolyol Esters (POE) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nPolyvinyl Ethers (PVEs)
4. Mineral Oil Composition and Component Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nComponent Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nApplications
5. Lubricant Additives
6. Lubricant Properties
Viscosity and Viscosity Grades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nViscosity Index
Pressure\/Viscosity Coefficient and Compressibility Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\nDensity
Relative Molecular Mass <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nPour Point
Volatility: Flash and Fire Points
Vapor Pressure
Aniline Point <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\nSolubility of Refrigerants in Oils
7. Lubricant\/Refrigerant Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nDensity
Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
204<\/td>\nPressure\/Temperature\/Solubility Relations
Mutual Solubility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
206<\/td>\nEffects of Partial Miscibility in Refrigerant Systems
Solubility Curves and Miscibility Diagrams
Effect of Lubricant Type on Solubility and Miscibility
Effect of Refrigerant Type on Miscibility with Lubricants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\nSolubilities and Viscosities of Lubricant\/Refrigerant Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\n8. Lubricant Influence on Lubricant Return <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\n9. Lubricant Influence on System Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\n10. Wax Separation (Floc Tests) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\n11. Solubility of Hydrocarbon Gases
12. Lubricants for Carbon Dioxide <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
220<\/td>\n13. Solubility of Water in Lubricants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\n14. Solubility of Air in Lubricants
15. Foaming and Antifoam Agents
16. Oxidation Resistance
17. Chemical Stability
Effect of Refrigerants and Lubricant Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\n18. Retrofitting from CFC\/HCFC to Other Refrigerants
Choice of Refrigerant Lubricants
Flushing
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
226<\/td>\nCh. 13: Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems
\n
1. Coolant Selection
Load Versus Flow Rate
Pumping Cost
Performance Comparisons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nOther Considerations
2. Design Considerations
Piping and Control Valves
Storage Tanks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nExpansion Tanks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
229<\/td>\nPulldown Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\nSystem Costs
Corrosion Prevention
3. Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\nCh. 14: Forced-Circulation Air Coolers
\n
1. Types of Forced-Circulation Air Coolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
233<\/td>\n2. Components
Draw-Through and Blow-Through Airflow
Fan Assemblies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
234<\/td>\nCasing
Coil Construction
Frost Control
Operational Controls
3. Air Movement and Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\n4. Unit Ratings
Refrigerant Velocity
Frost Condition
Defrosting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nBasic Cooling Capacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\n5. Installation and Operation
6. More Information
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
238<\/td>\nCh. 15: Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment
\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
239<\/td>\n1. Display Refrigerators
Product Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\nEffect of Store Ambient Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
242<\/td>\nDisplay Refrigerator Cooling Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nRefrigerator Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
244<\/td>\nCleaning and Sanitizing Equipment
Merchandising Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\n2. Refrigerated Storage Rooms
Meat Processing Rooms
Wrapped Meat Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nWalk-In Coolers and Freezers
3. Refrigeration Systems
Remote Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\nTypical Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
256<\/td>\n4. Condensing Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
257<\/td>\nCondenser Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nNoise <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\n5. Methods of Defrost
Multicompressor Refrigeration Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nSecondary Refrigeration Systems
Defrost Control Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\n6. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration
Environmental Considerations
Minimizing Refrigerant Emissions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\nReducing Energy Consumption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\n7. Liquid Subcooling Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\n8. Heat Reclaim Strategies
Space Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
266<\/td>\nWater Heating
9. Supermarket Air-Conditioning Systems
System Types
Comfort Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
268<\/td>\nCh. 16: Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment
\n
1. Refrigerated Cabinets
Reach-In Cabinets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\nOpen Display Cabinets
Roll-In Cabinets
Product Temperatures
Typical Construction
Specialty Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
270<\/td>\nRefrigeration Systems
2. Food Freezers
3. Blast Chillers and Blast Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
271<\/td>\n4. Walk-In Coolers\/Freezers
Operating Temperatures
Typical Construction
Door Construction
Walk-In Floors
Refrigeration Systems
Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\nEvaporators
Refrigeration Sizing
Maintenance and Operation
5. Vending Machines
Types of Refrigerated Vending Machines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
273<\/td>\nRefrigeration Systems
Cooling Load Components
Sensitivity to Surroundings
Maintenance and Operation
6. Ice Machines
Typical Operation and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\nRefrigeration Systems
Maintenance and Operations
7. Preparation Tables
Product Temperatures
Typical Construction
Energy Efficiency Opportunities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\nCh. 17: Household Refrigerators and Freezers
\n
1. Primary Functions
Food Preservation
Special-Purpose Compartments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
277<\/td>\nIce and Water Service
2. Cabinets
Use of Space
Thermal Loads
Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
279<\/td>\nStructure and Materials
Moisture Sealing
Door Latching and Entrapment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\nCabinet Testing
3. Refrigerating Systems
Refrigerating Circuit
Defrosting
Compressor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\nEvaporator
Condenser <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
282<\/td>\nFans
Capillary Tube <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
283<\/td>\nVariable-Speed Compressors
Linear Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
284<\/td>\nTemperature Control System
System Design and Balance
Processing and Assembly Procedures
4. Performance and Evaluation
Environmental Test Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
285<\/td>\nStandard Performance Test Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nSpecial Performance Testing
Materials Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nComponent Life Testing
Field Testing
5. Safety Requirements
6. Durability and Service
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
288<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nCh. 18: Absorption Equipment
\n
Equipment Classifications
1. Water\/Lithium Bromide Absorption Equipment
1.1 Components and Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
292<\/td>\n1.2 Equipment Types
Single-Effect Lithium Bromide Chillers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
294<\/td>\nDouble-Effect Chillers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
295<\/td>\nSingle-Effect Heat Pump <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
297<\/td>\nTwo-Stage, Double-Effect\/Double-Lift Chillers\/Heat Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\nSingle-Effect Heat Transformers
1.3 Chiller and Heat Pump Operation
Operational Limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
300<\/td>\nOperational Controls
Limit and Safety Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
301<\/td>\n1.4 Machine Setup and Maintenance
2. Ammonia\/Water Absorption Equipment
2.1 Residential Chillers and Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
302<\/td>\nComponents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
303<\/td>\nEquipment Performance and Selection
2.2 Domestic Absorption Refrigerators and Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
304<\/td>\n2.3 Industrial Absorption Refrigeration Units
3. Special Applications and Emerging Products
3.1 Combination Systems: Power Production with Waste-Heat-Activated Absorption Cooling
3.2 Triple-Effect Cycles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
305<\/td>\n3.3 Generator-Absorber Heat Exchange (GAX) Cycle
3.4 Solid\/Vapor Sorption Systems
3.5 Liquid Desiccant\/Absorption Systems
4. Information Sources
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
306<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
308<\/td>\nCh. 19: Thermal Properties of Foods
\n
1. Thermal Properties of Food Constituents
2. Thermal Properties of Foods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
309<\/td>\n3. Water Content
4. Initial Freezing Point
5. Ice Fraction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
313<\/td>\n6. Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
314<\/td>\n7. Specific Heat
Unfrozen Food
Frozen Food <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
315<\/td>\n8. Enthalpy
Unfrozen Food
Frozen Foods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
317<\/td>\n9. Thermal Conductivity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
324<\/td>\n10. Thermal Diffusivity
11. Heat of Respiration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
326<\/td>\n12. Transpiration of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
332<\/td>\n13. Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
Evaluation of Thermophysical Property Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
335<\/td>\n14. Symbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
338<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
340<\/td>\nCh. 20: Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods
\n
1. Thermodynamics of Cooling and Freezing
2. Cooling Times of Foods and Beverages
Cooling Time Estimation Methods Based on f and j Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
341<\/td>\nDetermination of f and j Factors for Slabs, Cylinders, and Spheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
342<\/td>\nDetermination of f and j Factors for Irregular Shapes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
343<\/td>\nCooling Time Estimation Methods Based on Equivalent Heat Transfer Dimensionality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
344<\/td>\nAlgorithms for Estimating Cooling Time
3. Sample Problems for Estimating Cooling Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
346<\/td>\n4. Freezing Times of Foods and Beverages
Plank\u2019s Equation
Modifications to Plank\u2019s Equation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
348<\/td>\nPrecooling, Phase Change, and Subcooling Time Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
349<\/td>\nGeometric Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
351<\/td>\nEvaluation of Freezing Time Estimation Methods
Algorithms for Freezing Time Estimation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
352<\/td>\n5. Sample Problems for Estimating Freezing Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
353<\/td>\n6. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
354<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
355<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
356<\/td>\nCh. 21: Commodity Storage Requirements
\n
1. Refrigerated Storage
Cooling
Deterioration
Desiccation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
365<\/td>\n2. Refrigerated Storage Plant Operation
Checking Temperatures and Humidity
Air Circulation
Sanitation and Air Purification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
366<\/td>\nRemoval of Produce from Storage
3. Storage of Frozen Foods
4. Other Products
Beer
Canned Foods
Dried Foods
Furs and Fabrics
Honey <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
367<\/td>\nMaple Syrup
Nursery Stock and Cut Flowers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
368<\/td>\nPopcorn
Vegetable Seeds
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
370<\/td>\nCh. 22: Food Microbiology and Refrigeration
\n
1. Basic Microbiology
Sources of Microorganisms
Microbial Growth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
371<\/td>\n2. Critical Microbial Growth Requirements
Intrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
372<\/td>\nBiological Diversity
3. Design for Control of Microorganisms
Contamination Prevention <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
373<\/td>\nGrowth Prevention
Destruction of Organisms
4. Role of HACCP
5. Sanitation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
374<\/td>\n6. Regulations and Standards
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
376<\/td>\nCh. 23: Refrigerated-Facility Design
\n
1. Initial Building Considerations
Location
Configuration and Size Determination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
377<\/td>\nStacking Arrangement
Building Design
One-Story Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
378<\/td>\nShipping and Receiving Docks
Utility Space
Specialized Storage Facilities
Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
379<\/td>\nAutomated Warehouses
Refrigerated Rooms
Construction Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
380<\/td>\nSpace Adjacent to Envelope
Air\/Vapor Treatment at Junctions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
381<\/td>\nFloor Construction
Surface Preparation
Finishes
Suspended Ceilings and Other Interstitial Spaces
Floor Drains
Electrical Wiring
Tracking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
382<\/td>\nCold-Storage Doors
Hardware
Refrigerated Docks
Schneider System
2. Refrigeration Systems
Types of Refrigeration Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
383<\/td>\nChoice of Refrigerant
Load Determination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
384<\/td>\nUnit Cooler Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
385<\/td>\nFreezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
386<\/td>\nControls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
387<\/td>\n3. Insulation Techniques
Vapor Retarder System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
388<\/td>\nTypes of Insulation
Insulation Thickness
4. Applying Insulation
Roofs
Walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
389<\/td>\nFloors
Freezer Doorways
Doors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
390<\/td>\n5. Other Considerations
Temperature Pulldown <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
391<\/td>\nMaterial-Handling Equipment
Fire Protection
Inspection and Maintenance
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
394<\/td>\nCh. 24: Refrigerated-Facility Loads
\n
1. Transmission Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
395<\/td>\nHeat Gain from Cooler Floors
2. Product Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
396<\/td>\n3. Internal Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
397<\/td>\nPackaging Related Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
398<\/td>\n4. Infiltration Air Load
Infiltration by Air Exchange <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
400<\/td>\nInfiltration by Direct Flow Through Doorways
Sensible and Latent Heat Components
5. Equipment-Related Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
401<\/td>\n6. Safety Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
402<\/td>\n7. Total Facility Load Calculation Example
Facility Description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
406<\/td>\n8. Load Diversity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
407<\/td>\n9. Symbols
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
408<\/td>\nCh. 25: Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks
\n
1. Vehicles
2. Vehicle Design Considerations
Insulation and Vapor Barrier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
410<\/td>\nAir Circulation
Equipment Attachment Provisions
Sanitation
3. Equipment
Cargo Container and Rail Car Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
411<\/td>\nSelf-Powered Truck and Trailer Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
412<\/td>\nVehicle-Powered Systems
Multitemperature Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
413<\/td>\nStorage Effect Cooling
Heating Only
Ventilation
Controlled and Modified Atmosphere
Control Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
414<\/td>\n4. Equipment Design and Selection Factors
Time
Shock and Vibration
Ambient Temperature Extremes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
415<\/td>\nOther Ambient Design Factors
Operating Efficiency Guidelines
Airborne Sound
Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
416<\/td>\n5. Qualification Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
417<\/td>\n6. System Application Factors
Load Calculations
Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
418<\/td>\nOwning and Operating Costs
7. Operations
Commodity Precooling
Vehicle Use Practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
419<\/td>\nTemperature Settings
Other Cargo Space Considerations
Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
420<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
422<\/td>\nCh. 26: Marine Refrigeration
\n
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 Refrigeration Load
1.2 Refrigeration System
Refrigerants
Compressors
Condensers and Coolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
423<\/td>\nReceivers and Refrigerant Distribution
Controls
Thermometers, Thermostats, and Temperature Sensors
1.3 Cargo Holds
Arrangement
Space Cooling
Insulation and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
424<\/td>\nApplying Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
425<\/td>\nDecks and Doors
2. Ships\u2019 Refrigerated Stores
2.1 Commodities
Meats and Poultry
Fish, Ice Cream, and Bread <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
426<\/td>\nFruits and Vegetables
Dairy Products, Ice, and Drinking Water
2.2 Storage Areas
Storage Space Requirements
Stores\u2019 Arrangement and Location <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
427<\/td>\n2.3 Ship Refrigerated Room Design
Refrigerated Room Construction
2.4 Specific Vessels
Cargo Vessels
Specifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
428<\/td>\nCalculations
3. Fishing Vessels
3.1 Refrigeration System Design
Hold Preparation
3.2 Refrigeration with Ice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
429<\/td>\n3.3 Refrigeration with Seawater
3.4 Process Freezing and Cold Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
430<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
432<\/td>\nCh. 27: Air Transport
\n
1. Cargo Refrigeration
1.1 Perishable Air Cargo
Fruits and Vegetables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
433<\/td>\nSeafood
Animals
1.2 Perishable Commodity Requirements
1.3 Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
434<\/td>\n1.4 Shipping Containers
1.5 Transit Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
435<\/td>\n1.6 Ground Handling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
436<\/td>\n2. Galley Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
437<\/td>\n2.1 Galley Air Chillers and Systems
Air Chiller <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
438<\/td>\n2.2 Galley Liquid-Chilling System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
440<\/td>\n2.3 Galley Refrigeration Inserts
2.4 System Design
Thermal Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
442<\/td>\n3. Hybrid Environmental Control Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
445<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
446<\/td>\nCh. 28: Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers
\n
1. Fundamentals
1.1 Product Requirements
1.2 Calculation Methods
Heat Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
447<\/td>\nPrecooling Time Estimation Methods
Fractional Unaccomplished Temperature Difference
Half-Cooling Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
448<\/td>\nCooling Coefficient
Other Semianalytical\/Empirical Precooling Time Estimation Methods
Numerical Techniques
2. Cooling Methods
2.1 Hydrocooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
449<\/td>\nTypes of Hydrocoolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
450<\/td>\nVariations on Hydrocooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
451<\/td>\nHydrocooler Efficiency
Hydrocooling Water Treatment
2.2 Forced-Air Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
452<\/td>\nCommercial Methods
Effects of Containers and Stacking Patterns
Moisture Loss in Forced-Air Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
453<\/td>\nComputer Solution
2.3 Forced-Air Evaporative Cooling
2.4 Package Icing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
454<\/td>\n2.5 Vacuum Cooling
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
455<\/td>\nCommercial Systems
Applications
2.6 Selecting a Cooling Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
456<\/td>\n2.7 Cooling Cut Flowers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
457<\/td>\nSymbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
458<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
460<\/td>\nCh. 29: Industrial Food-Freezing Systems
\n
1. Freezing Methods
2. Blast Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
461<\/td>\nCold Storage Rooms
Stationary Blast Cell Freezing Tunnels
Push-Through Trolley Freezers
Straight Belt Freezers
Multipass Straight Belt Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
462<\/td>\nFluidized Bed Freezers
Fluidized Belt Freezers
Spiral Belt Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
463<\/td>\nImpingement Freezers
Carton Freezers
3. Contact Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
464<\/td>\nManual and Automatic Plate Freezers
Specialized Contact Freezers
4. Cryogenic Freezers
Liquid Nitrogen Freezers
Carbon Dioxide Freezers
5. Cryomechanical Freezers
6. Other Freezer Selection Criteria
Reliability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
465<\/td>\nHygiene
Quality
Economics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
466<\/td>\n7. Refrigeration Systems
Operation
Maintenance
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
468<\/td>\nCh. 30: Meat Products
\n
1. Sanitation
Role of HACCP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
469<\/td>\n2. Carcass Chilling and Holding
Spray Chilling Beef
Chilling Time
Refrigeration Systems for Coolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
470<\/td>\nBeef Cooler Layout and Capacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
474<\/td>\nBoxed Beef
Hog Chilling and Tempering <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
477<\/td>\nPork Trimmings
Fresh Pork Holding
Calf and Lamb Chilling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
478<\/td>\nChilling and Freezing Variety Meats
Packaging and Storage
Packaged Fresh Cuts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
479<\/td>\nRefrigeration Load Computations
3. Processed Meats <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
480<\/td>\nBacon Slicing and Packaging Room
Sausage Dry Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
482<\/td>\nLard Chilling
Blast and Storage Freezers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
483<\/td>\nDirect-Contact Meat Chilling
4. Frozen Meat Products
Freezing Quality of Meat
Effect of Freezing on Quality
Storage and Handling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
484<\/td>\nPackaging
5. Shipping Docks
6. Energy Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
485<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
486<\/td>\nCh. 31: Poultry Products
\n
1. Processing
2. Chilling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
489<\/td>\n3. Decontamination of Carcasses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
490<\/td>\n4. Further Processing
Unit Operations
5. Freezing
Effect on Product Quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
491<\/td>\nFreezing Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
492<\/td>\nPredicting Freezing or Thawing Times
6. Packaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
493<\/td>\n7. Airflow Systems in Poultry Processing Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
494<\/td>\nAirflow System Consideration During Renovation
8. Plant Sanitation
HACCP Systems in Poultry Processing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
495<\/td>\n9. Tenderness Control
10. Distribution and Retail Holding Refrigeration
11. Preserving Quality in Storage and Marketing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
496<\/td>\n12. Thawing
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
497<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
498<\/td>\nCh. 32: Fishery Products
\n
1. Fresh Fishery Products
1.1 Care Aboard Vessels
Icing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
499<\/td>\nSaltwater Icing
Use of Preservatives
Storage of Fish in Refrigerated Seawater
Boxing at Sea
1.2 Shore Plant Procedure and Marketing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\n1.3 Packaging Fresh Fish
1.4 Fresh Fish Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
501<\/td>\nIrradiation of Fresh Seafood
Modified-Atmosphere (MA) Packaging
2. Frozen Fishery Products
2.1 Packaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
502<\/td>\nPackage Considerations in Freezing
Package Considerations for Frozen Storage
Types of Packages
2.2 Freezing Methods
Blast Freezing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
503<\/td>\nPlate Freezing
Immersion Freezing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
504<\/td>\nFreezing Fish at Sea
2.3 Storage of Frozen Fish <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
505<\/td>\nComposition
Storage Conditions
Packaging and Glazing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
506<\/td>\nSpace Requirements
2.4 Transportation and Marketing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
507<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
508<\/td>\nCh. 33: Dairy Products
\n
1. Milk Production and Processing
Handling Milk at the Dairy
Receiving and Storing Milk <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
509<\/td>\nSeparation and Clarification
Pasteurization and Homogenization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
511<\/td>\nPackaging Milk Products
Equipment Cleaning
Milk Storage and Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
512<\/td>\nHalf-and-Half and Cream
Buttermilk, Sour Cream, and Yogurt
Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
513<\/td>\n2. Butter Manufacture
Separation and Pasteurization
Churning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
515<\/td>\nContinuous Churning
Packaging Butter
Deterioration of Butter in Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
516<\/td>\nTotal Refrigeration Load
Whipped Butter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
517<\/td>\n3. Cheese Manufacture
Cheddar Cheese <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
518<\/td>\nProvolone and Mozzarella (Pasta Filata Types)
Swiss Cheese
Roquefort and Blue Cheese <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
519<\/td>\nCottage Cheese
Other Cheeses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
520<\/td>\nRefrigerating Cheese Rooms
4. Frozen Dairy Desserts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
521<\/td>\nIce Cream
Ice Milk
Soft Ice Milk or Ice Cream
Frozen Yogurt
Sherbets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
522<\/td>\nIces
Making Ice Cream Mix
Freezing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
525<\/td>\nIce Cream Bars and Other Novelties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
526<\/td>\nRefrigeration Compressor Equipment Selection and Operation
5. Ultrahigh-Temperature (UHT) Sterilization and Aseptic Packaging (AP)
Sterilization Methods and Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
527<\/td>\nAseptic Packaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
528<\/td>\nQuality Control
Heat-Labile Nutrients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
529<\/td>\n6. Evaporated, Sweetened Condensed, and Dry Milk
Evaporated Milk
Sweetened Condensed Milk
Dry Milk and Nonfat Dry Milk <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
530<\/td>\nDrum Drying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
531<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
532<\/td>\nCh. 34: Eggs and Egg Products
\n
1. Shell Eggs
1.1 Egg Structure and Composition
Physical Structure
Chemical Composition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
533<\/td>\nNutritive Value
1.2 Egg Quality and Safety
Quality Grades and Weight Classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
534<\/td>\nQuality Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
535<\/td>\nControl and Preservation of Quality
Egg Spoilage and Safety
In-Shell Egg Pasteurization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
536<\/td>\nHACCP Plan for Shell Eggs
1.3 Shell Egg Processing
Off-Line and In-Line Processing
1.4 Effect of Refrigeration on Egg Quality and Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
538<\/td>\nRefrigeration Requirement Issues
Condensation on Eggs
Initial Egg Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
539<\/td>\nEgg Temperatures After Processing
Cooling Rates
Cooling for Storage
Accelerated Cooling Methods
1.5 Packaging
1.6 Transportation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
540<\/td>\n2. Egg Products
2.1 Egg Breaking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
541<\/td>\nHolding Temperatures
Pasteurization
Yields <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
542<\/td>\n2.2 Refrigerated Liquid Egg Products
Chilled Egg Products
2.3 Frozen Egg Products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
543<\/td>\n2.4 Dehydrated Egg Products
2.5 Egg Product Quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
544<\/td>\n2.6 Sanitary Standards and Plant Sanitation
HACCP Program for Egg Products
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
546<\/td>\nCh. 35: Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit
\n
1. Fruit Storage and Handling Considerations
Quality and Maturity
Handling and Harvesting
Storage and Transportation
2. Apples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
547<\/td>\nControlled-Atmosphere Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
548<\/td>\nStorage Diseases and Deterioration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
551<\/td>\n3. Pears <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
552<\/td>\nControlled-Atmosphere Storage
Storage Diseases and Deterioration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
553<\/td>\n4. Grapes
Cooling and Storage
Fumigation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
555<\/td>\nDiseases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
556<\/td>\nStorage Life
Refrigeration System Materials and Practices
Maintenance and Operation
5. Plums <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
557<\/td>\nStorage Diseases and Deterioration
6. Sweet Cherries
Harvesting Techniques
Cooling
Storage
Diseases
7. Peaches and Nectarines
Storage Varieties
Harvest Techniques
Cooling
Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
558<\/td>\nDiseases
8. Apricots
Diseases and Deterioration
9. Berries
Diseases
10. Strawberries
Diseases
11. Figs
Diseases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
559<\/td>\n12. Supplements to Refrigeration
Antiseptic Washes
Protective Packaging
Selective Marketing
Heat Treatment
Fungicides
Irradiation
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
560<\/td>\nCh. 36: Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit
\n
1. Citrus Fruit
1.1 Maturity and Quality
1.2 Harvesting and Packing
Picking <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
561<\/td>\nHandling
Accelerated Coloring or Sweating
Color-Added Treatment
Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
562<\/td>\n1.3 Transportation
1.4 Storage
Oranges
Grapefruit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
563<\/td>\nLemons
Specialty Citrus Fruit
Controlled-Atmosphere Storage
1.5 Storage Disorders and Control
Postharvest Diseases
Physiological Disturbances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
564<\/td>\n2. Bananas
2.1 Harvesting and Transportation
2.2 Diseases and Deterioration
2.3 Exposure to Excessive Temperatures
2.4 Wholesale Processing Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
565<\/td>\nAirtightness
Refrigeration
Refrigeration Load Calculations
Heating
Air Circulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
566<\/td>\nAirflow Requirements
Humidity
Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
567<\/td>\n3. Subtropical Fruit
3.1 Avocados
Storage Disorders
3.2 Mangoes
Storage Disorders
3.3 Pineapples
Storage Disorders
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
568<\/td>\nCh. 37: Vegetables
\n
1. Product Selection and Quality Maintenance
Postharvest Handling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
569<\/td>\nCooling
Protective Packaging and Waxing
2. In-Transit Preservation
Cooling Vehicle and Product
Packaging, Loading, and Handling
Providing Refrigeration and Air Circulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
570<\/td>\nProtection from Cold
Checking and Cleaning Equipment
Modified Atmospheres in Transit
3. Preservation in Destination Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
572<\/td>\n4. Refrigerated Storage Considerations
Sprout Inhibitors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
573<\/td>\nControlled- and Modified-Atmosphere Storage
Injury
5. Storage of Various Vegetables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
574<\/td>\nArtichokes, Globe (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Asparagus (32 to 36\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Beans, Green or Snap (40 to 45\u00b0F and 95% rh)
Beans, Lima (37 to 41\u00b0F and 95% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
575<\/td>\nBeets (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Broccoli (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Brussels Sprouts (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Cabbage (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Carrots (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Cauliflower (32\u00b0F and 95% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
576<\/td>\nCelery (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Corn, Sweet (32\u00b0F and 95 to 98% rh)
Cucumbers (50 to 55\u00b0F and 95% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
577<\/td>\nEggplants (46 to 54\u00b0F and 90 to 95% rh)
Endive and Escarole (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Garlic, Dry (32\u00b0F and 65 to 70% rh)
Greens, Leafy (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Lettuce (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Melons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
578<\/td>\nMushrooms (32\u00b0F and 95% rh)
Okra (45 to 50\u00b0F and 90 to 95% rh)
Onions (32\u00b0F and 65 to 70% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
579<\/td>\nParsley (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Parsnips (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Peas, Green (32\u00b0F and 95 to 98% rh)
Peas, Southern (40 to 41\u00b0F and 95% rh)
Peppers, Dry Chili or Hot
Peppers, Sweet (45 to 55\u00b0F and 90 to 95% rh)
Potatoes (Temperature, see following; 90 to 95% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
580<\/td>\nPumpkins and Squash <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
581<\/td>\nRadishes (32\u00b0F and 95 to 100% rh)
Rhubarb (32\u00b0F and 95% rh)
Rutabagas (32\u00b0F and 98 to 100% rh)
Spinach (32\u00b0F and 95 to 98% rh)
Sweet Potatoes (55 to 60\u00b0F, 85 to 90% rh)
Tomatoes (Mature Green, 55 to 70\u00b0F; Ripe, 50\u00b0F; 90 to 95% rh) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
582<\/td>\nTurnips (32\u00b0F and 95% rh)
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
583<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
584<\/td>\nCh. 38: Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products
\n
1. Orange Juice
1.1 Orange Concentrate
Selecting, Handling, and Processing Fresh Fruit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
586<\/td>\n1.2 Cold Storage
1.3 Concentration Methods
Thermally Accelerated Short-Time Evaporator (TASTE) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
587<\/td>\nFreeze Concentration
1.4 Quality Control
1.5 Chilled Juice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
588<\/td>\n1.6 Refrigeration
Refrigeration Equipment
Refrigeration Loads
Compressor Manifolding
1.7 Pure Fruit Juice Powders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
589<\/td>\n2. Other Citrus Juices
Grapefruit Juice
Blended Grapefruit and Orange Juice
Tangerine Juice
3. Noncitrus Juices
3.1 Pineapple Juice
3.2 Apple Juice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
590<\/td>\n3.3 Grape Juice
Concord Grapes
Muscadines
3.4 Strawberry and Other Berry Juices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
592<\/td>\nCh. 39: Beverages
\n
1. Breweries
1.1 Malting
1.2 Process Aspects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
594<\/td>\n1.3 Processing
Wort Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
595<\/td>\nFermenting Cellar
Fermenting Cellar Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
596<\/td>\nStock Cellar
Kraeusen Cellar
Finishing Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
597<\/td>\nOutdoor Storage Tanks
Hop Storage
Yeast Culture Room
1.4 Pasteurization
1.5 Carbon Dioxide
Collection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
598<\/td>\nLiquefaction
CO2 Storage and Reevaporation
1.6 Heat Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
599<\/td>\n1.7 Common Refrigeration Systems
1.8 Vinegar Production
2. Wine Making <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
600<\/td>\n2.1 Must Cooling
2.2 Heat Treatment of Red Musts
2.3 Juice Cooling
2.4 Heat Treatment of Juices
2.5 Fermentation Temperature Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
601<\/td>\n2.6 Potassium Bitartrate Crystallization
2.7 Storage Temperature Control
2.8 Chill-Proofing Brandies
3. Carbonated Beverages
3.1 Beverage and Water Coolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
602<\/td>\nRefrigeration Plant
Refrigeration Load
3.2 Size of Plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
603<\/td>\n3.3 Liquid Carbon Dioxide Storage
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
604<\/td>\nCh. 40: Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods
\n
1. Main Dishes, Meals
General Plant Characteristics
Preparation, Processing, Unit Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
605<\/td>\nAssembly, Filling, and Packaging
Cooling, Freezing, Casing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
606<\/td>\nFinished Goods Storage and Shipping
Refrigeration Loads
Refrigeration Systems
Plant Internal Environment
2. Vegetables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
607<\/td>\nInternational Production
Vegetables in Other Prepared Foods
Refrigeration Loads and Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
608<\/td>\n3. Fruits
Refrigeration Loads and Systems
4. Potato Products
French Fries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
609<\/td>\nFormed Potato Products
Hash Brown Potatoes
Refrigeration Loads and Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
610<\/td>\n5. Other Prepared Foods
6. Long-Term Storage
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
612<\/td>\nCh. 41: Bakery Products
\n
1. Ingredient Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
613<\/td>\n2. Mixing
Mixers
Dough Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
614<\/td>\nDough Cooling
3. Fermentation
4. Bread Makeup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
615<\/td>\n5. Final Proof
6. Baking
7. Bread Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
616<\/td>\n8. Slicing and Wrapping
9. Bread Freezing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
617<\/td>\n10. Freezing Other Bakery Products
11. Frozen Pre-Proofed Bakery Products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
618<\/td>\n12. Retarding Doughs and Batters
13. Choice of Refrigerants
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
620<\/td>\nCh. 42: Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables
\n
1. Candy Manufacture
1.1 Milk and Dark Chocolate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
621<\/td>\n1.2 Hand Dipping and Enrobing
1.3 Bar Candy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
622<\/td>\n1.4 Hard Candy
1.5 Hot Rooms
1.6 Cold Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
623<\/td>\n1.7 Cooling Tunnels
1.8 Coating Kettles or Pans
1.9 Packing Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
624<\/td>\n1.10 Refrigeration Plant
2. Storage
2.1 Candy
Color <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
625<\/td>\nFlavor
Texture
Insects
Storage Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
626<\/td>\nHumidity Requirements
2.2 Nuts
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Atmosphere
Packaging
2.3 Dried Fruits and Vegetables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
627<\/td>\nDried Fruit Storage
Dried Vegetable Storage
2.4 Controlled Atmosphere <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
628<\/td>\nCh. 43: Ice Manufacture
\n
1. Ice Makers
Flake Ice
Tubular Ice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
629<\/td>\nPlate Ice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
630<\/td>\nIce Builders
Scale Formation
2. Thermal Storage
3. Ice Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
631<\/td>\nIce Rake and Live Bottom Bins
4. Delivery Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
632<\/td>\nScrew and Belt Conveyors
Pneumatic Ice Conveying
Slurry Pumping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
633<\/td>\n5. Commercial Ice
6. Ice-Source Heat Pumps
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
634<\/td>\nCh. 44: Ice Rinks
\n
1. Applications
2. Refrigeration Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
635<\/td>\nHeat Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
637<\/td>\n3. Ice Rink Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
638<\/td>\n4. Equipment Selection
Compressors
Evaporators
Condensers and Heat Recovery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
639<\/td>\nAmmonia versus CO2 High-Grade Heat Recovery Comparison <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
640<\/td>\nIce Temperature Control
Rink Piping and Pipe Supports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
641<\/td>\nHeaders and Expansion Tanks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
642<\/td>\nCoolant Equipment
Ice Removal
Storage Accumulators
Energy Consumption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
643<\/td>\nDehumidifiers
5. Rink Floor Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
644<\/td>\nDrainage
Subfloor Heating for Freeze Protection
Preparation of Rink Floor
Permanent General-Purpose Rink Floor
All-Purpose Floors
Header Trench
Snow-Melting Pit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
645<\/td>\n6. Building, Maintaining, and Planing Ice Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
646<\/td>\nPebbling
Water Quality
7. Imitation Ice-Skating Surfaces
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
648<\/td>\nCh. 45: Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils
\n
1. Concrete Dams
1.1 Methods of Temperature Control
Cement Selection and Pozzolanic Admixtures
Cooling with Embedded Coils
Cooling with Chilled Water and Ice <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
649<\/td>\nCooling by Inundation
Air-Blast Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
650<\/td>\nOther Cooling Methods
1.2 System Selection Parameters
2. Control of Subsurface Water Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
651<\/td>\n3. Soil Stabilization
3.1 Thermal Design
Piling Design
Slab-on-Grade Buildings, Outdoor Slabs, and Equipment Pads
Design Considerations
3.2 Passive Cooling
Air Convection Systems
Liquid Convection Systems
Two-Phase Systems (Heat Pipes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
652<\/td>\n3.3 Active Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
653<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
654<\/td>\nCh. 46: Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry
\n
1. Flow Sheets and Specifications
2. Refrigeration as a Utility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
655<\/td>\n3. Load Characteristics
Production Philosophy
Flexibility Requirements
4. Safety Requirements
Corrosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
656<\/td>\nToxicity
Fire and Explosion
Refrigeration System Malfunction
Maintenance
5. Equipment Characteristics
Automation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
657<\/td>\nOutdoor Construction
Energy Recovery
Performance Testing
Insulation Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
658<\/td>\nDesign Standards and Codes
6. Start-Up and Shutdown
7. Refrigerants
8. Refrigeration Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
659<\/td>\n9. Refrigeration Equipment
Compressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
660<\/td>\nAbsorption Equipment
Condensers
Evaporators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
661<\/td>\nInstrumentation and Controls
Cooling Towers and Spray Ponds
Miscellaneous Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
662<\/td>\nReferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
664<\/td>\nCh. 47: Cryogenics
\n
1. General Applications
2. Low-Temperature Properties
Fluid Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
666<\/td>\nThermal Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
668<\/td>\nElectrical and Magnetic Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
669<\/td>\nMechanical Properties
3. Refrigeration and Liquefaction
Isenthalpic Expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
670<\/td>\nIsentropic Expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
671<\/td>\nCombined Isenthalpic and Isentropic Expansion
Mixed-Refrigerant Cycle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
673<\/td>\nComparison of Refrigeration and Liquefaction Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
674<\/td>\n4. Cryocoolers
Recuperative Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
677<\/td>\nRegenerative Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
679<\/td>\n5. Separation and Purification of Gases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
680<\/td>\nAir Separation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
681<\/td>\nHelium Recovery
Natural Gas Processing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
682<\/td>\nPurification Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
683<\/td>\n6. Equipment
Compression Systems
Expansion Devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
684<\/td>\nHeat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
686<\/td>\n7. Low-Temperature Insulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
687<\/td>\nHigh-Vacuum Insulation
Evacuated Multilayer Insulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
688<\/td>\nEvacuated Powder and Fibrous Insulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
689<\/td>\nHomogeneous Material Insulations
Composite Material Insulations Systems
8. Storage and Transfer Systems
Storage Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
690<\/td>\nTransfer Systems
9. Instrumentation
Pressure Measurements
Thermometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
691<\/td>\nLiquid-Level Measurements
Density Measurements
Flow Measurements
10. Hazards of Cryogenic Systems
Physiological Hazards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
692<\/td>\nConstruction and Operations Hazards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
693<\/td>\nFlammability and Detonability Hazards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
694<\/td>\nHazard Evaluation Summary
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
695<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
696<\/td>\nCh. 48: Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration
\n
1. Autocascade Systems
Operational Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
697<\/td>\nDesign Considerations
2. Custom-Designed and Field-Erected Systems
3. Single-Refrigerant Systems
Two-Stage Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
698<\/td>\nRefrigerant and Compressor Selection
Special Multistage Systems
4. Cascade Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
699<\/td>\nRefrigerants for Low-Temperature Circuit
Compressor Lubrication <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
700<\/td>\nCompressors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
701<\/td>\nChoice of Metal for Piping and Vessels
5. Ultralow-Temperature Materials
Metals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
703<\/td>\nThermoplastic Polymers
Thermosetting Plastics
Fiber Composites <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
704<\/td>\nAdhesives
6. Insulation
7. Heat Transfer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
705<\/td>\n8. Secondary Coolants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
706<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
707<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
708<\/td>\nCh. 49: Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration
\n
1. Preservation Applications
Principles of Biological Preservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
710<\/td>\nPreservation of Biological Materials by Freezing
Preservation of Biological Materials by Freeze Drying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
711<\/td>\nPreservation of Biological Materials by Vitrification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
712<\/td>\nPreservation of Biological Materials by Undercooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
713<\/td>\n2. Research Applications
Electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation
Cryomicroscopy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
714<\/td>\nCryomicrotome
3. Clinical Applications
Hypothermia
Cryosurgery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
715<\/td>\n4. Refrigeration Hardware for Cryobiological Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
716<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
718<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
720<\/td>\nCh. 50: Terminology of Refrigeration
\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
731<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
732<\/td>\nCh. 51: Codes and Standards
\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
762<\/td>\nAdditions and Corrections
\n
2015 HVAC Applications
2016 HVAC Systems and Equipment
2017 Fundamentals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
764<\/td>\nIndex
14Abbreviations, F38
Absorbents
Absorption
Acoustics. See Sound
Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12
Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7
Adaptation, environmental, F9.17
ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI)
Adsorbents
Adsorption
Aeration, of farm crops, A25
Aerosols, S29.1
AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD)
Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8
AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
AHU. See Air handlers
Air
Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5
Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7
Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning)
Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
765<\/td>\nAir conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning)
Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants)
Aircraft, A12
Air curtains
Air diffusers, S20
Air diffusion, F20
Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5
Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11
Air distribution, A57; F20; S4; S20
Air exchange rate
Air filters. See Filters, air
Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
766<\/td>\nAirflow retarders, F25.9
Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow)
Air handlers
Air inlets
Air intakes
Air jets. See Air diffusion
Air leakage. (See also Infiltration)
Air mixers, S4.8
Air outlets
Airports, air conditioning, A3.6
Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)]
Air terminal units (ATUs)
Airtightness, F37.24
Air-to-air energy recovery, S26
Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13
Air transport, R27
Air washers
Algae, control, A49.11
All-air systems
Altitude, effects of
Ammonia
Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7
Anemometers
Animal environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
767<\/td>\nAnnual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2
Antifreeze
Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5
Apartment buildings
Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7
Archimedes number, F20.6
Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Arenas
Argon, recovery, R47.17
Asbestos, F10.5
ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)
Atriums
Attics, unconditioned, F27.2
Auditoriums, A5.3
Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A39.5; A61.1
Automobiles
Autopsy rooms, A8.9; A9.6, 7
Avogadro\u2019s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11
Backflow-prevention devices, S47.14
BACnet\u00ae, A40.18; F7.18
Bacteria
Bakery products, R41
Balance point, heat pumps, S49.9
Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing)
BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS)
Baseboard units
Basements
Bayesian analysis, F19.37
Beer\u2019s law, F4.16
BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP)
Bernoulli equation, F21.1
Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8
Beverages, R39
BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM)
Bioaerosols
Biocides, control, A49.13
Biodiesel, F28.8
Biological safety cabinets, A16.5
Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9
Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Boilers, F19.21; S32
Boiling
Brake horsepower, S44.8
Brayton cycle
Bread, R41
Breweries
Brines. See Coolants, secondary
Building automation systems (BAS), A40.18; A61.1; F7.14 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
768<\/td>\nBuilding energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5
Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring)
Building envelopes
Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15
Building materials, properties, F26
Buildings
Building thermal mass
Burners
Buses
Bus terminals
Butane, commercial, F28.5
CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)
Cafeterias, service water heating, A50.11, 21
Calcium chloride brines, F31.1
Candy
Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10
Capillary tubes
Carbon dioxide
Carbon emissions, F34.7
Carbon monoxide
Cargo containers, R25
Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
769<\/td>\nCattle, beef and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments)
CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)
Cavitation, F3.13
CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER)
Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect
Ceilings
Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning)
Central plants
Central systems
Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9
CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Change-point regression models, F19.28
Charge minimization, R1.36
Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4
Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59
Chemical plants
Chemisorption, A46.9
Chilled beams, S20.10
Chilled water (CW)
Chillers
Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7
Chimneys, S35
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6
Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy)
Choking, F3.13
CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
Cinemas, A5.3
CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK)
Claude cycle, R47.8
Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces
Clean spaces, A18 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
770<\/td>\nClear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8
Climate change
Climatic design information, F14
Clinics, A8.14
Clothing
CLTD\/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD\/CLF)
Coal
Coanda effect, A33.17; F20.2, 7; S20.2
Codes, R51. (See also Standards)
Coefficient of performance (COP)
Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33
Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
Coils
Colburn\u2019s analogy, F4.17
Colebrook equation
Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3
Colleges and universities, A7.11
Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S50.3
Combined heat and power (CHP), S7
Combustion, F28 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
771<\/td>\nCombustion air systems
Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1
Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans)
Commercial and public buildings, A3
Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A33
Commissioning, A43
Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11
Compressors, S38
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25
Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.15
Computers, A40 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
772<\/td>\nConcert halls, A5.4
Concrete
Condensate
Condensation
Condensers, S39
Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1
Conduction
Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1
Constant air volume (CAV)
Construction. (See also Building envelopes)
Containers. (See also Cargo containers)
Contaminants
Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2
Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
773<\/td>\nControlled-atmosphere (CA) storage
Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16
Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control)
Convection
Convectors
Convention centers, A5.5
Conversion factors, F39
Cooking appliances
Coolants, secondary
Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
774<\/td>\nCooling. (See also Air conditioning)
Cooling load
Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD\/CLF), F18.58
Cooling towers, S40
Cool storage, S51.1
COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Corn, drying, A25.1
Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities
Corrosion
Costs. (See also Economics)
Cotton, drying, A25.8
Courthouses, A9.5
Courtrooms, A9.5
CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
Crawlspaces
Critical spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
775<\/td>\nCrops. See Farm crops
Cruise terminals, A3.6
Cryogenics, R47
Curtain walls, F15.6
Dairy products, R33
Dampers
Dampness problems in buildings, A62.1
Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1
Darcy equation, F21.6
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Data centers, A19
Data-driven modeling
Daylighting, F19.26
DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC)
Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4
Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50
Defrosting
Degree-days, F14.12
Dehumidification, A47.15; S24
Dehumidifiers
Dehydration
Density
Dental facilities, A8.14
Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
776<\/td>\nDesign-day climatic data, F14.12
Desorption isotherm, F26.20
Desuperheaters
Dew point, A62.8
Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5
Diesel fuel, F28.9
Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12
Diffusion
Diffusivity
Dilution
Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4
DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)
Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11
Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13
Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9
Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10
Display cases, R15.2, 5
District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC)
District heating and cooling (DHC), S12
d-limonene, F31.12
DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
Doors
Dormitories
Draft
Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5
Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers)
Drip station, steam systems, S12.14
Dryers. (See also Driers)
Drying
DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system
Dual-duct systems
Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1
DuBois equation, F9.3
Duct design
Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
777<\/td>\nDust mites, F25.16
Dusts, S29.1
Dynamometers, A17.1
Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4
Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1
Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2
Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A61.3
Economics. (See also Costs)
Economizers
ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP)
ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)
Eddy diffusivity, F6.7
Educational facilities, A7
EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22
Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19
Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2
Efficiency
Eggs, R34
Electricity
Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17
Electronic smoking devices (e-cigarettes), F11.19
Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7
Elevators
Emissions, pollution, F28.9
Emissivity, F4.2
Emittance, thermal, F25.2
Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15
Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
778<\/td>\nEnergy efficiency ratio (EER)
Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8
Energy transfer station, S12.37
Engines, S7
Engine test facilities, A17
Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils
Enthalpy
Entropy, F2.1
Environmental control
Environmental control system (ECS), A12
Environmental health, F10
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI)
Equipment vibration, A48.43; F8.17
ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)
ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC)
Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24
ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS)
Evaluation. See Testing
Evaporation, in tubes
Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
Evaporative cooling, A52
Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)
Exfiltration, F16.2
Exhaust
Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16
Exhibition centers, A5.5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
779<\/td>\nExpansion joints and devices, S46.10
Expansion tanks, S12.10
Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Fairs, A5.8
Family courts, A9.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities)
Fan-coil units, S5.6
Fans, F19.18; S21
Farm crops, drying and storing, A25
Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6
f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.21
Fenestration. (See also Windows)
Fick\u2019s law, F6.1
Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5
Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25
Fins, F4.6
Fire\/smoke control. See Smoke control
Firearm laboratories, A9.7
Fire management, A53.1
Fireplaces, S34.5
Fire safety
Fish, R19; R32
Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums)
Fittings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
780<\/td>\nFixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems)
Fixture units, A50.1, 27
Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1
Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14
Floors
Flowers, cut
Flowmeters, A38.13; F37.18
Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1
Fluid flow, F3
Food. (See also specific foods)
Food service
Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1
Forensic labs, A9.6
Fouling factor
Foundations
Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.14
Fourier\u2019s law, and heat transfer, F25.5
Four-pipe systems, S5.5
Framing, for fenestration
Freeze drying, A30.6
Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems)
Freeze protection systems, A51.18, 19
Freezers
Freezing
Friction, in fluid flow
Fruit juice, R38
Fruits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
781<\/td>\nFuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22
Fuels, F28
Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3
Fungi
Furnaces, S33
Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Garages
Gases
Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas)
Gas vents, S35.1
Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30
GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
Generators
Geothermal energy, A34
Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10
Glaser method, F25.15
Glazing
Global climate change, and refrigerants, F29.1
Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5
Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50
Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2
Graphical symbols, F38
Green design, and sustainability, F35.1
Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)
Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
Ground-coupled systems, F19.23
Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 10
Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.32
Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.5
GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP)
Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3
HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)
Halocarbon
Hartford loop, S11.3
Hay, drying, A25.8
Hazard analysis and control, F10.4
Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4
Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
HB. See Heat balance (HB)
Health
Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
782<\/td>\nHeat
Heat and moisture control, F27.1
Heat balance (HB), S9.23
Heat capacity, F25.1
Heat control, F27
Heaters, S34
Heat exchangers, S48
Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer)
Heat flux, F25.1
Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)
Heating
Heating load
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S49.6
Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10
Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14
Heat pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
783<\/td>\nHeat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery)
Heat storage. See Thermal storage
Heat stress
Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow)
Heat transmission
Heat traps, A50.1
Helium
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S29.6; S30.3
High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2
High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1
Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
784<\/td>\nHospitals, A8.2
Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8
Hotels and motels, A6
Hot-gas bypass, R1.35
Houses of worship, A5.3
HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI)
HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF)
HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
Humidification, S22
Humidifiers, S22
Humidity (See also Moisture)
HVAC security, A59
Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31
Hybrid ventilation, F19.26
Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3
Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems)
Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11
Hygrothermal loads, F25.2
Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10
IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD)
Ice
Ice makers
Ice rinks, A5.5; R44
ID50\u201a mean infectious dose, A59.9
Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2
IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)
Illuminance, F37.31
Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
785<\/td>\nIndoor environmental modeling, F13
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality)
Induction
Industrial applications
Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32
Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
Industrial hygiene, F10.3
Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)
Infrared applications
In-room terminal systems
Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications)
Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5
Insulation, thermal
Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1, 7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
786<\/td>\nIntercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12
Internal heat gains, F19.13
Jacketing, insulation, R10.7
Jails, A9.4
Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6
Judges\u2019 chambers, A9.5
Juice, R38.1
Jury facilities, A9.5
Justice facilities, A9
Juvenile detention facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts)
K-12 schools, A7.2
Kelvin\u2019s equation, F25.11
Kirchoff\u2019s law, F4.12
Kitchens, A33
Kleemenko cycle, R47.13
Krypton, recovery, R47.18
Laboratories, A16
Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.8
Lakes, heat transfer, A34.38
Laminar flow
Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13
Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17
Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17
Latent energy change materials, S51.2
Laundries
LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)
LD50\u201a mean lethal dose, A59.9
LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)
LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating
Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
787<\/td>\nLeakage function, relationship, F16.15
Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9
Legionella pneumophila, A49.14; F10.7
Legionnaires\u2019 disease. See Legionella pneumophila
LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4
Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3
Lighting
Light measurement, F37.31
LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS)
Linde cycle, R47.6
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5
Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4
Lithium bromide\/water, F30.71
Lithium chloride, S24.2
LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Load calculations
Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.22
Local exhaust. See Exhaust
Loss coefficients
Louvers, F15.33
Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1
LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system
Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil)
Lubrication, R12
Mach number, S38.32
Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance)
Makeup air units, S28.8
Malls, A2.7
Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12
Manufactured homes, A1.8
Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes)
Mass transfer, F6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
788<\/td>\nMass-transit systems
McLeod gages, F37.13
Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.9
Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.9
Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1
Mean temperature difference, F4.22
Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments)
Meat, R30
Mechanical equipment room, central
Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8
Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1
Megatall buildings, A4.1
Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
Metabolic rate, F9.6
Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6
Microbial growth, R22.4
Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8
Microbiology of foods, R22.1
Microphones, F37.29
Mines, A29
Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling)
Moist air
Moisture (See also Humidity)
Mold, A62.1; F25.16
Mold-resistant gypsum board, A62.7
Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites)
Montreal Protocol, F29.1
Morgues, A8.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
789<\/td>\nMotors, S45
Movie theaters, A5.3
MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)
Multifamily residences, A1.7
Multiple-use complexes
Multisplit unitary equipment, S49.1
Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14
Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)
Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)
Natural gas, F28.5
Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2
NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves
Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.34; R2.9; S44.10
Network airflow models, F19.25
Night setback, recovery, A42.43
Nitrogen
Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound)
Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16
Noncondensable gases
Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33
NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH)
NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)
Nuclear facilities, A28
Number of transfer units (NTU)
Nursing facilities, A8.15
Nuts, storage, R42.7
Odors, F12
ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
Office buildings
Oil, fuel, F28.7
Oil, in two-phase flow, F5.15. (See also Lubricants)
Olf unit, F12.6
One-pipe systems
Operating costs, A37.4
Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
Optimization, A42.4
Outdoor air, free cooling. (See also Ventilation)
Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14
Owning costs, A37.1
Oxygen <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
790<\/td>\nOzone
Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5
Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S50.5
Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S50.5
PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16
Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling)
Paper
Paper products facilities, A26
Parallel compressor systems, R15.14
Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5
Passive heating, F19.27
Pasteurization, R33.2
Peak dew point, A62.9
Peanuts, drying, A25.9
PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems
PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
Performance contracting, A41.2
Performance monitoring, A47.6
Permafrost stabilization, R45.4
Permeability
Permeance
Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5
Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26
Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9
Pharmacies, A8.9
Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27
Photographic materials, A22
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy)
Physical properties of materials, F33
Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort)
Pigs. See Swine
Pipes, S46. (See also Piping)
Piping. (See also Pipes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
791<\/td>\nPitot tubes, A38.2; F37.17
Places of assembly, A5
Planes. See Aircraft
Plank\u2019s equation, R20.7
Plant environments, A24.10
Plenums
PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
Police stations, A9.1
Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction
Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6
Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12
Ponds, spray, S40.6
Pope cell, F37.12
Positive building pressure, A62.9
Positive positioners, F7.8
Potatoes
Poultry. (See also Animal environments)
Power grid, A61.7
Power-law airflow model, F13.14
Power plants, A27
PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
Prandtl number, F4.17
Precooling
Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32
Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18
Preschools, A7.1
Pressure
Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation)
Primary-air systems, S5.10
Printing plants, A20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
792<\/td>\nPrisons, A9.4
Produce
Product load, R15.6
Propane
Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24
Psychrometers, F1.13
Psychrometrics, F1
PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs)
PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs)
Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly
Pumps, F19.18
Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11
PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy
Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling)
Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22
Radiation
Radiators, S36.1, 5
Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21
Radiometers, A54.7
Radiosity method, F19.26
Radon, F10.16, 22
Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Railroad tunnels, ventilation
Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4
RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation
Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems
Rayleigh number, F4.20
Ray tracing method, F19.27
RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves
Receivers
Recycling refrigerants, R9.3
Refrigerant\/absorbent pairs, F2.15
Refrigerant control devices, R11 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
793<\/td>\nRefrigerants, F29.1
Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11
Refrigerated facilities, R23
Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
794<\/td>\nRefrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants)
Refrigerators
Regulators. (See also Valves)
Relative humidity, F1.12
Residential health care facilities, A8.15
Residential systems, A1
Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values)
Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6
Resistivity, thermal, F25.1
Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2
Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17
Restaurants
Retail facilities, A2
Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4
Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.9
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13
Reynolds number, F3.3
Rice, drying, A25.9
RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
Road tunnels, A15.3
Roof overhang, A62.7
Roofs, U-factors, F27.2
Room air distribution, A57; S20.1
Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16
Root mean square (RMS), F37.1
RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs)
RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)
RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)
Rusting, of building components, F25.16
R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal)
Safety
Sanitation
Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11
Scale <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
795<\/td>\nSchneider system, R23.7
Schools
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Seeds, storage, A25.12
SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
Seismic restraint, A48.52; A55.1
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15
Sensors
Separators, lubricant, R11.23
Service water heating, A50
SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program
Shading
Ships, A13
Shooting ranges, indoor, A9.8
Short-tube restrictors, R11.31
Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12
Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11
SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR)
Skating rinks, R44.1
Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21
Slab heating, A51
Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11
SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)
Smart building systems, A61.1
Smart grid, A61.7, 10
Smoke control, A53
Snow-melting systems, A51
Snubbers, seismic, A55.8
Sodium chloride brines, F31.1
Soft drinks, R39.10
Software
Soils. (See also Earth)
Solar energy, A35; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
796<\/td>\nSolar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16
Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.22
Solar-optical glazing, F15.14
Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14
Solid fuel
Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7
Soot, F28.20
Sorbents, F32.1
Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20
Sound, F8. (See also Noise)
Soybeans, drying, A25.7
Specific heat
Split-flux method, F19.26
Spot cooling
Spot heating, A54.4
Stack effect
Stadiums, A5.4
Stairwells
Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1
Standards, R51. (See also Codes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
797<\/td>\nStatic air mixers, S4.8
Static electricity and humidity, S22.2
Steam
Steam systems, S11
Steam traps, S11.7
Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12
Stevens\u2019 law, F12.3
Stirling cycle, R47.14
Stokers, S31.17
Storage
Stoves, heating, S34.5
Stratification
Stroboscopes, F37.28
Subcoolers
Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3
Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems)
Suction risers, R2.24
Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9
Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5
Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets
Supertall buildings, A4.1
Supervisory control, A42
Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets)
Surface effect. See Coanda effect
Surface transportation
Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12
Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S49.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
798<\/td>\nSVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)
SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
Swine, recommended environment, A24.7
Symbols, F38
Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6
TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS)
Tachometers, F37.28
Tall buildings, A4
Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2
TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices
Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A19.1
Temperature
Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1
Temperature index, S22.3
Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A47.13, F19.16; S20.7
Terminology, of refrigeration, R50
Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES)
Testing
Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing)
TETD\/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD\/TA)
TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI)
Textile processing plants, A21
TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)
Theaters, A5.3
Thermal bridges, F25.8
Thermal comfort. See Comfort
Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17
Thermal emittance, F25.2
Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
799<\/td>\nThermally activated building systems (TABS), A42.3, 33
Thermal-network method, F19.11
Thermal properties, F26.1
Thermal resistivity, F25.1
Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES)
Thermal transmission data, F26
Thermal zones, F19.14
Thermistors, R11.4
Thermodynamics, F2.1
Thermometers, F37.5
Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4
Thermosiphons
Thermostats
Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18
Three-pipe distribution, S5.6
Tobacco smoke
Tollbooths
Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD\/TA), F18.58
Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5
Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Transducers, F7.10, 13
Transfer function method (TFM), A40.10; F18.58; F19.3
Transmittance, thermal, F25.2
Transmitters, F7.9, 10
Transpiration, R19.19
Transportation centers
Transport properties of refrigerants, F30
Traps
Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30
Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19
Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1
Turbines, S7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
800<\/td>\nTurbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34
Turbulence modeling, F13.3
Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3
Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4
Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18
Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20
U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.6
U-factor
Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3
Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17
Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
Uncertainty analysis
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.10; A57.9; F19.17
Unitary systems, S49
Unit heaters. See Heaters
Units and conversions, F39
Unit ventilators, S28.1
Utility interface, electric, S7.43
Utility rates, A61.10
UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems
UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9
Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
Valves, S46. (See also Regulators)
Vaporization systems, S8.6
Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2
Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12
Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
Variable-frequency drives, S45.14
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S49.1, 14
Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives
VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
Vegetables, R37
Vehicles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
801<\/td>\nVena contracta, F3.4
Vending machines, R16.5
Ventilation, F16
Ventilators
Venting
Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11
Vibration, F8.17
Viral pathogens, F10.9
Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3
Viscosity, F3.1
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11
Voltage, A56.1
Volume ratio, compressors
VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)
Walls
Warehouses, A3.8
Water
Water heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
802<\/td>\nWater horsepower, pump, S44.7
Water\/lithium bromide absorption
Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S49.11
Water systems, S13
Water treatment, A49
Water vapor control, A44.6
Water vapor permeance\/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18
Water vapor retarders, F26.6
Water wells, A34.33
Weather data, F14
Weatherization, F16.18
Welding sheet metal, S19.12
Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5
Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9
Whirlpools and spas
Wien\u2019s displacement law, F4.12
Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data)
Wind chill index, F9.23
Windows. (See also Fenestration)
Wind restraint design, A55.15
Wineries
Wireless sensors, A61.6
Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10
Wood products facilities, A26.1
Wood pulp, A26.2
Wood stoves, S34.5
World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8
WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)
WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW)
Xenon, R47.18
Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
804<\/td>\nI-P_CommentPage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Handbook – Refrigeration (I-P)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2018<\/td>\n805<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":183242,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-183235","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/183235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/183242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=183235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=183235"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=183235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}