IEEE 844.2 CSAC293.2 2017
$50.38
IEEE/CSA Standard for Skin Effect Trace Heating of Pipelines, Vessels, Equipment, and Structures–Application Guide for Design, Installation, Testing, Commissioning, and Maintenance
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| IEEE | 2017 | 66 |
New IEEE Standard – Active. An application guide for the design, installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance of skin effect trace heating systems for pipelines, vessels, equipment, and structures intended for use in general industrial applications are provided in this standard. This standard provides requirements when utilizing skin effect trace heating systems in ordinary as well as hazardous areas having potentially explosive atmospheres.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | IEEE Std 844.2-2017/CSA C293.2-17 Front Cover |
| 2 | Title page |
| 4 | Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents |
| 7 | CSA Group Legal Notice for Standards |
| 8 | CSA Group Standards Update Servie |
| 9 | IEEE Participants |
| 10 | CSA Group Participants |
| 13 | IEEE Introduction |
| 14 | CSA Preface |
| 15 | Contents |
| 17 | 1. Overview 1.1 General 1.2 Scope |
| 18 | 1.3 Purpose 1.4 Terminology |
| 19 | 2. Normative references 3. Definitions 4. Design 4.1 Principle of operation |
| 20 | 4.2 Utilization 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Categories 4.2.2.1 Solidification prevention |
| 21 | 4.2.2.2 Viscosity maintenance 4.2.2.3 Process heating 4.2.2.4 Condensation prevention 4.2.2.5 Re-melting solidified fluids 4.2.2.6 Structure heating 4.3 Applications 4.3.1 Long pipelines 4.3.2 Vessels |
| 22 | 4.3.3 Special considerations 4.3.3.1 Temperature-sensitive fluids 4.3.3.2 Underground applications 4.3.3.3 Structure heating applications 4.3.3.4 Non-metallic piping |
| 23 | 4.3.3.5 Downhole heating 4.3.3.6 Submerged/offshore pipeline heating |
| 24 | 4.4 Design guidelines and considerations 4.4.1 Heating system 4.4.2 Specification 4.4.3 Materials characteristics 4.4.4 Temperature requirements |
| 25 | 4.4.5 Piping and insulation information 4.4.5.1 General 4.4.5.2 Corrosion protection coatings on heat tube and/or carrier pipe 4.4.6 Installation information 4.4.7 Electrical supply system 4.4.8 Selection of parameters |
| 26 | 4.4.9 Determination of heat loss 4.4.10 Heat-up considerations 4.4.11 Potentially explosive atmospheres (hazardous locations) 4.4.12 Irregular surfaces and heat sinks 4.4.13 User review for equipment use and safety |
| 27 | 4.5 Thermal insulation 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Selection of thermal insulation material 4.5.2.1 Insulation aspects to be considered |
| 28 | 4.5.2.2 Common insulation materials 4.5.3 Selection of a weather barrier |
| 29 | 4.5.4 Selection of insulation thickness 4.5.5 Special consideration of thermal insulation 4.5.5.1 Uniform heat loss |
| 30 | 4.5.5.2 Composite insulation systems 4.5.5.3 Pre-insulated pipe systems 4.5.5.3.1 Advantages to pre-insulated piping systems 4.5.5.3.2 Special considerations |
| 31 | 4.5.5.4 Penetrations of the insulation 4.5.5.5 Maximum temperatures 4.5.5.6 Wet insulation 4.5.5.7 Engineered pipe supports and anchors 4.6 Power system 4.6.1 General |
| 32 | 4.6.2 Transformers 4.6.2.1 General 4.6.2.2 Transformer markings 4.6.2.3 Transformer testing |
| 33 | 4.6.3 Fault protection 4.6.4 Power quality 4.6.5 Grounding and safety considerations 4.7 Control and monitoring 4.7.1 General |
| 34 | 4.7.2 Control types 4.7.2.1 ON-OFF controls 4.7.2.2 Digital electronic (proportional) control 4.7.3 Sensor location and control 4.7.3.1 General 4.7.3.2 Ambient conditions |
| 35 | 4.7.3.3 Physical conditions 4.7.3.4 Process conditions 4.7.3.5 Temperature control sensor location 4.7.3.5.1 Ambient sensing 4.7.3.5.2 Pipe or vessel sensing 4.7.3.5.3 Special application sensing |
| 36 | 4.7.4 Type of control sensors 4.7.4.1 Thermostats 4.7.4.2 Thermocouples 4.7.4.3 Resistance temperature detectors (RTD) 4.7.5 Use of fiber optic temperature monitoring 4.7.6 Wiring considerations 4.7.7 Special control considerations |
| 37 | 4.7.8 Control specifications 4.7.8.1 General 4.7.8.2 Controller location 4.7.8.3 Accessibility 4.7.8.4 Electrical 4.7.8.5 Remote monitoring 5. Installation considerations and guidelines 5.1 Receiving and storage |
| 38 | 5.2 Conformance to standards 5.3 Installation monitoring 5.4 Preparatory work 5.5 Installation of skin effect trace heater system |
| 39 | 5.6 Installation of thermal insulation 5.7 Warning signs/labels |
| 40 | 5.8 Installation of control and monitoring equipment 5.9 Installation of power distribution and control cabling 5.10 Document retention 6. Field testing, start-up, and commissioning 6.1 General 6.2 Ferromagnetic envelope testing 6.3 Skin effect insulated conductor testing |
| 41 | 6.4 Electrical equipment testing and pre-commissioning |
| 42 | 6.5 System start-up, commissioning, and test documentation 6.6 System operation 6.6.1 Normal system operation 6.6.2 Heat-up or re-melt operation 7. Maintenance and repairs 7.1 General |
| 43 | 7.2 Preventive maintenance 7.2.1 General 7.2.2 Maintenance program 7.2.3 Maintenance record 7.3 Thermal insulation system maintenance 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 Maintenance of insulation |
| 44 | 7.3.3 Maintenance of the weather barrier 7.4 Heater fault location and troubleshooting |
| 46 | Annex A (informative) Bibliography |
| 48 | Annex B (informative) Pipe heat loss considerations B.1 Heat loss formula and example calculations |
| 53 | Annex C (informative) Vessel heat-loss considerations C.1 General C.2 Insulation heat loss (Qins) |
| 54 | C.3 Slab surface areas (Qslab) |
| 55 | C.4 Support heat loss (Qsupt) C.5 Manhole heat loss (Qmanhole) C.6 Convection coefficient formulae C.6.1 General C.6.2 Free convection, nonfluid surface, any orientation (hi, hco, ho) |
| 56 | C.6.3 Forced convection, any orientation (ho) |
| 57 | C.6.4 Radiation component, all coefficients (hf, hi, hco, ho) |
| 58 | Annex D (informative) Heat-up and cool-down considerations D.1 Heat-up |
| 59 | D.2 Cool-down |
| 61 | Annex E (informative) Method to determine equivalent thicknesses of insulating cements |
| 62 | Annex F (informative) Design input parameters—Example |
| 63 | Annex G (informative) Installation record—Example |
| 64 | Annex H (informative) System commissioning record—Example |
| 65 | Annex I (informative)System preventive maintenance record—Example |
| 66 | Back cover |
