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BS EN 1991-2:2023

BS EN 1991-2:2023

$215.11

Eurocode 1. Actions on structures – Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 166
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(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations. (2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary. (3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models. (4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
15 1 Scope
2 Normative references
16 3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Terms and definitions
19 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
25 4 Classification of actions
4.1 General
4.2 Variable actions
27 4.3 Accidental actions
5 Design situations
5.1 General
5.2 Simultaneity of traffic loads
28 6 Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges
6.1 Field of application
6.2 Representation of actions
6.2.1 Models of road traffic loads
29 6.2.2 Loading classes
6.2.3 Divisions of the carriageway into notional lanes
30 6.2.4 Location and numbering of the lanes for design
31 6.2.5 Application of the load models on the individual lanes
6.3 Vertical loads — Characteristic values
6.3.1 General
32 6.3.2 Load Model 1
34 6.3.3 Load Model 2
35 6.3.4 Load Model 3 (special vehicles)
6.3.5 Load Model 4 (crowd loading)
36 6.3.6 Dispersal of concentrated loads
37 6.4 Horizontal forces — characteristic values
6.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces
6.4.2 Centrifugal and other transverse forces
38 6.5 Groups of traffic loads on road bridges (multi component actions)
6.5.1 Characteristic values in persistent design situations
40 6.5.2 Other representative values
6.5.3 Groups of loads in transient design situations
6.6 Fatigue load models
6.6.1 General
41 6.6.2 Dynamic amplification factor
42 6.6.3 Fatigue Load Models location for global and local effects
43 6.6.4 Traffic category on the bridge
6.6.5 Fatigue Load Model 1 (similar to LM1)
44 6.6.6 Fatigue Load Model 2 (set of “frequent” lorries)
45 6.6.7 Fatigue Load Model 3 (single vehicle model)
6.6.8 Fatigue Load Model 4 (set of “standard” lorries)
48 6.6.9 Fatigue Load Model 5 (based on recorded road traffic data)
6.7 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Collision forces from vehicles under the bridge
6.7.3 Actions from vehicles on the bridge
6.7.3.1 Vehicle on footways and cycle ways on road bridges
49 6.7.3.2 Collision forces on kerbs
50 6.7.3.3 Collision forces on vehicle restraint systems
51 6.7.3.4 Collision forces on structural members
52 6.8 Actions on pedestrian parapets
6.9 Load model for geotechnical structures — characteristic values
6.9.1 General
53 6.9.2 Distributed vertical loads
54 6.9.3 Simplified vertical loads allowing for redistribution
6.9.4 Horizontal force for abutments
55 7 Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges
7.1 Field of application
56 7.2 Representation of actions
7.2.1 Models of the loads
7.2.2 Application of the load models
7.3 Static models for vertical loads — characteristic values
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Uniformly distributed load
57 7.3.3 Concentrated load
7.3.4 Service vehicle
7.4 Static model for horizontal forces — characteristic values (footbridges only)
58 7.5 Groups of traffic loads (footbridges only)
7.6 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations (footbridges only)
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Collision forces from traffic under the footbridge
7.6.2.1 General
7.6.2.2 Collision forces on piers
59 7.6.2.3 Collision forces on decks
7.6.3 Accidental presence of vehicles on the footbridge
7.7 Dynamic models of pedestrian loads (footbridges only)
60 7.8 Actions on parapets
7.9 Load model for abutments and walls adjacent to bridges
8 Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges
8.1 Field of application
61 8.2 Representation of actions — nature of rail traffic loads
8.3 Vertical loads — load models, characteristic values (static effects) and eccentricity and distribution of loading
8.3.1 General
62 8.3.2 Load Model 71
63 8.3.3 Load Models SW/0 and SW/2
64 8.3.4 Load Model “unloaded train”
8.3.5 Eccentricity of vertical loads (Load Models 71 and SW/0)
65 8.3.6 Distribution of point loads or axle loads by the rails, sleepers and ballast
8.3.6.1 General
8.3.6.2 Longitudinal distribution of a point load or wheel load by the rail
66 8.3.6.3 Longitudinal distribution of load by sleepers and ballast
8.3.6.4 Transverse distribution of actions by the sleepers and ballast
69 8.3.7 Actions for non-public footways
8.4 Dynamic effects (including resonance)
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Factors influencing dynamic behaviour
70 8.4.3 General design rules
8.4.4 Conditions for requiring a dynamic analysis
73 8.4.5 Dynamic factor Φ (Φ2, Φ3)
8.4.5.1 Field of application
74 8.4.5.2 Definition of the dynamic factor Φ
75 8.4.5.3 Reduced dynamic effects
8.4.5.4 Determinant length LΦ
78 8.4.6 Dynamic analysis
8.4.6.1 Loading and load combinations
82 8.4.6.2 Speeds to be considered
84 8.4.6.3 Bridge parameters
85 8.4.6.4 Modelling the excitation and dynamic behaviour of the structure
86 8.4.6.5 Verifications of the limit states
87 8.4.6.6 Additional verification for fatigue where dynamic analysis is required
88 8.5 Horizontal forces — characteristic values
8.5.1 Centrifugal forces
93 8.5.2 Nosing force
8.5.3 Actions due to traction and braking
95 8.5.4 Combined response of structure and track to variable actions
8.5.4.1 General principles
8.5.4.2 Parameters affecting the combined response of the structure and track
98 8.5.4.3 Actions to be considered
8.5.4.4 Modelling and calculation of the combined track/structure system
102 8.5.4.5 Design criteria
103 8.5.4.6 Calculation methods
107 8.6 Aerodynamic actions from passing trains
8.6.1 General
108 8.6.2 Simple vertical surfaces parallel to the track (e.g. noise barriers)
8.6.2.1 General
109 8.6.2.2 Quasi-static equivalent load model for noise barriers
114 8.6.3 Simple horizontal surfaces above the track (e.g. overhead protective structures)
116 8.6.4 Simple horizontal surfaces adjacent to the track (e.g. platform canopies with no vertical wall)
117 8.6.5 Multiple-surface structures alongside the track with vertical and horizontal or inclined surfaces (e.g. bent noise barriers, platform canopies with vertical walls etc.)
118 8.6.6 Surfaces enclosing the structure gauge of the tracks over a limited length (up to 20 m) (horizontal surface above the tracks and at least one vertical wall, e.g. scaffolding, temporary constructions)
8.7 Derailment and other actions for railway bridges
8.7.1 General – Derailment
119 8.7.2 Derailment actions from rail traffic on a railway bridge
120 8.7.3 Derailment under or adjacent to a structure and other actions for Accidental Design Situations
121 8.7.4 Other actions
8.8 Further application rules for traffic loads on railway bridges
8.8.1 General
122 8.8.2 Groups of Loads — Characteristic values of the multicomponent action
125 8.8.3 Groups of Loads — Other representative values of the multicomponent actions
8.8.3.1 Frequent values of the multicomponent actions
8.8.3.2 Quasi-permanent values of the multicomponent actions
8.8.4 Traffic loads in Transient Design Situations
126 8.9 Traffic loads for fatigue
127 8.10 Static load models for geotechnical structures — characteristic values
8.10.1 General
8.10.2 Distributed vertical loads
128 8.10.3 Simplified vertical loads allowing for redistribution
130 Annex A (informative)Models of special vehicles for road bridges
A.1 Use of this annex
A.2 Scope and field of application
A.3 Basic models of special vehicles
133 A.4 Application of special vehicle load models on the carriageway
136 Annex B (informative)Fatigue life assessment for road bridges Assessment method based on recorded traffic
B.1 Use of this annex
B.2 Scope and field of application
B.3 Fatigue life assessment for road bridges
141 Annex C (normative)Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains
C.1 Use of this annex
C.2 Scope and field of application
C.3 Dynamic factors for Real Trains
143 Annex D (normative)Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures
D.1 Use of this annex
D.2 Scope and field of application
D.3 Assumptions for fatigue actions
144 D.4 General design method
D.5 Train types for fatigue
150 Annex E (informative)Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM
E.1 Use of this annex
E.2 Scope and field of application
E.3 Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM
152 E.4 Dynamic train signature
154 Annex F (informative)Load models for rail traffic loads in Transient Design Situations
F.1 Use of this annex
F.2 Scope and field of application
F.3 Load models for rail traffic loads in Transient Design Situations
155 Annex G (informative)Dynamic load models for footbridges
G.1 Use of this annex
G.2 Scope and field of application
G.3 Traffic classes
156 G.4 Harmonic load models for pedestrian stream
158 G.5 Harmonic load models for pedestrians
G.6 Harmonic load model for single jogger or group of joggers
159 G.7 Harmonic load for intentional excitation
160 G.8 Guidance for analysis
G.8.1 Evaluation of natural frequencies and modes
G.8.2 Assessment of mass
G.8.3 Assessment of stiffness
G.8.4 Assessment of structural damping
161 G.8.5 Determination of maximum acceleration
G.8.6 Check criteria for lateral lock-in
162 G.8.7 Control of vibration

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BS EN 1991-2:2023
$215.11